List of journalists killed in the United States

Numerous journalists have been murdered or killed in the United States while reporting, covering a military conflict, or because of their status as a journalist. At least 39 of these have been directly targeted as a result of their journalistic investigations.[1] The most recent journalists killed in the United States are Alison Parker and Adam Ward, who were killed on August 26, 2015, during a live news broadcast on WDBJ in Roanoke, Virginia.

The most dangerous sector of the US media after 1980 has been the race and ethnic press.[2][3] According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, ten journalists serving the Vietnamese, Haitian and Chinese immigrant communities were killed in political assassinations between 1980 and 1993.[4][5][6] Chauncey Bailey, who was the editor at a large circulation African American newspaper, was murdered in 2007 for his investigative reporting.[7]

Since the September 11 attacks, terrorism-related deaths involving journalists is another trend.[8][9]

In some cases, journalists have been attacked but survived, such as Victor Riesel.[10]

List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Employer Location Notes
November 7, 1837Elijah Parish LovejoyAlton ObserverAlton, IllinoisThis abolition editor was killed by a mob supporting slavery in the Union.[11][12]
June 6, 1843James HaganVicksburg SentinelVicksburg, MississippiHagan was killed by the son of a man he had criticized in his newspaper.[13][14][15][16]
February 29, 1844James A. RyanVicksburg SentinelVicksburg, MississippiThe Vicksburg Sentinel was a Democratic paper and Ryan was killed by his rival Whig counterpart in a duel on their second fight.[14]
September 15, 1848John JenkinsVicksburg SentinelVicksburg, MississippiKilled in a fight with an attorney after the two had a previous altercation.[13]
June 22, 1854Joseph MansfieldSan Joaquin RepublicanStockton, CaliforniaMansfield was killed in a fight with a rival editor, both of whom were Democrats.[17]
May 20, 1856James King of WilliamDaily Evening BulletinSan Francisco, California[18][19]
April 6, 1862Irving CarsonNew-York TribunePittsburg Landing, TennesseeFirst journalist to be killed during the U.S. Civil War. Killed by a cannonball fire while covering the Battle of Shiloh and General Ulysses S. Grant.[20]
June 23, 1863Lynde Walter BuckinghamNew York HeraldAldie, VirginiaKilled as a result of an ambush during the U.S. Civil War. He was buried at the Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church-VDHR 53-339 in Aldie.[21]
October 6, 1863James O'NealFrank Leslie's Illustrated NewspaperBaxter Springs, KansasO'Neal was an artist-correspondent murdered by Quantrill's guerrillas at the Baxter Springs Massacre.[22]
May 6, 1864Samuel Fiske (aka Dunn Browne)Springfield RepublicanFredericksburg, VirginiaCapt. Fiske wrote under the name Dunn Browne and served in the army and was killed at the Battle of the Wilderness.[23]
September 14, 1866Ridgeway GloverFrank Leslie's Illustrated NewspaperFort Phil Kearny, WyomingWhile covering the American Indian Wars, Glover was killed and mutilated during the construction of Fort Kearny in 1866.[24]
November 5, 1871Frederick Wadsworth LoringAppleton's JournalWickenburg, ArizonaWas killed while on assignment out west in what is known as the Wickenburg Massacre, an attack on a stagecoach by Native Americans.[25]
June 25, 1876Mark KelloggAssociated PressLittle Bighorn Battlefield, MontanaThe first Associated Press journalist to die while reporting.[26]
March 27, 1877J. Clarke SwayzeTopeka Daily BladeTopeka, KansasSwayze was killed after publishing a critical article about his murderer.[27]
April 23, 1880Charles de YoungThe Daily Dramatic ChronicleSan Francisco, CaliforniaWith his brother M. H. de Young, he founded the newspaper that would become the San Francisco Chronicle. The mayor's son killed him in revenge for a feud de Young had with his father.[28]
November 17, 1881A. B. ThorntonBoonville NewsBoonville, MissouriThe town marshal killed Thornton because of criticism from the newspaper and won acquittal based on the perception that the criticism was too intense.[29]
March 27, 1884Charles L. KuszThe Gringo and GreaserManzano, New MexicoShot through his window by unknown gunman on horses. His newspaper was reform oriented and created enemies as it sought changes.[30]
May 5, 1887Roderick D. GambrellThe Shield and SwordJackson, MississippiShot by Colonel Jones S. Hamilton for publishing allegations of corrupt business practices Hamilton was engaged in with the state of Mississippi. Hamilton was shot by Gambrell, but survived and was later acquitted of his murder by a jury.[31][32][33]
May 1, 1888John H. MartinNew MississippianJackson, MississippiShot in a street encounter with ex-Confederate General Wirt Adams, who was also shot and killed by Martin. Martin published numerous attacks on Adams's character in part due to his association with Colonel Hamilton, killer of the aforementioned Roderick D. Gambrell.[33][34]
February 1, 1891Ignacio MartínezEl MundoLaredo, TexasOwned a newspaper that wrote critical articles on the regime of Mexican President Porfirio Díaz. His murderers fled to Mexico and were never arrested.[35]
February 23, 1891Albert C. OsborneSunday WorldColumbus, OhioKilled in a shootout with William J. Elliott, a rival editor of the Sunday Capital, and Elliott's brother, Patrick. A bystander was also killed and a number of others wounded. Elliott was convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment at Ohio Penitentiary.[36][37][38]
April 1, 1898William Cowper BrannIconoclastWaco, TexasWrote critical articles about Baptists. Shot in the back during a duel.[39]
January 15, 1903Narciso Gener GonzalesThe StateColumbia, South CarolinaHe was killed by James H. Tillman, the Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, who was acquitted of murder by a jury.[40]
November 9, 1908Edward W. CarmackNashville AmericanNashville, TennesseeFormer congressman and senator. He was killed by a former army officer who disapproved of his name appearing in an article and threatened the editor.[41]
December 25, 1915Huang YuanyongShao Nian Zhong Guo WeeklySan Francisco, CaliforniaThe Chinese national was murdered while visiting the United States. The case remained unsolved but Kuomintang (KMT) supporters were suspected of carrying out the assassination at the Shanghai Low restaurant.[42]
July 16, 1927Don MellettCanton Daily NewsCanton, OhioShot to death in his garage as a result of a conspiracy with a crime boss and the police chief of Canton.[1]
July 23, 1930Jerry BuckleyWMBC-AMDetroit, MichiganGunned down on election night.[43]
September 6, 1934Howard GuilfordThe Saturday PressMinneapolis, MinnesotaEditor of a newspaper that exposed corruption and organized crime. He and partner Jay Near won the US Supreme Court decision in Near v. Minnesota.[44][45]
December 9, 1935Walter LiggettMidwest AmericanMinneapolis, MinnesotaHe wrote about political corruption and organized crime.[46][47]
January 22, 1945Arthur KashermanPublic Press (alternative)Minneapolis, MinnesotaHis death figured into Hubert Humphrey's mayoral victory.[48]
July 29, 1949W.H. "Bill" MasonKBKI radioAlice, TexasKnown as a crusading radio journalist in a county ruled with an iron hand by local law enforcement, Mason was shot dead by Sheriff deputy Sam Smithwick, who Mason had publicly accused of running a strip club. The senate candidate who lost to Lyndon B. Johnson believed that Smithwick had information about how the election had been rigged but Smithwick was hanged before their meeting. Mason's tombstone reads: "He had the nerve to tell the truth for a lot of little people."[1][49][50][51]
September 30, 1962Paul GuihardAgence France-PresseOxford, MississippiGuihard was a British-French citizen who was killed during the civil rights era at the University of Mississippi. He was assigned to photograph the events surrounding James Meredith's attendance when he turned his focus on riots and in the confusion was shot. His murder remains an unsolved case.[52]
August 29, 1970Rubén SalazarLos Angeles TimesLos Angeles, CaliforniaSalazar was killed by deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department while covering the Chicano Moratorium protest in East Los Angeles. The park where the protest took place was later renamed Salazar Park in his honor.[53][54]
June 2, 1976Don BollesArizona RepublicPhoenix, ArizonaMurdered as a result of a car bomb set by the mafia outside the Clarendon Hotel.[55][56][57]
March 9, 1977Maurice WilliamsWHUR-FMWashington, D.C.He was murdered during the 1977 Hanafi Siege.[58]
June 28, 1978John A. KellyWHDH-TVBoston, MassachusettsKilled during the Blackfriars Massacre.[59]
July 21, 1981Duong Trong LamCai Dinh Lang (The Village Temple)San Francisco, CaliforniaKilled by gunfire from a member of one of two anti-communist groups that claimed responsibility for his assassination.[5][6][60][61][62][63]
August 24, 1982Nguyen Dam PhongTu Do (Freedom)Houston, TexasWas assassinated at his home by an anti-communist group.[5][6][60][61][64]
June 19, 1984Alan BergKOA (AM)Denver, ColoradoA liberal radio show host who was murdered by a white nationalist group.[65]
October 15, 1984Henry Liu (a.k.a. Chiang Nan)Freelancer and authorDaly City, CaliforniaA critic of the Kuomintang who was assassinated on the orders of the Kuomintang.[66]
August 9, 1987Tap Van Pham (a.k.a. Hoai Diep Tu)MaiGarden Grove, CaliforniaHe was assassinated by arson while sleeping in his office by an anti-communist group that took responsibility.[5][6][60][61]
November 22, 1989Nhan Trong DoVan Nghe Tien PhongFairfax County, VirginiaA layout designer who worked with Triet Le, he was the first employer of the Vietnamese-language magazine to be assassinated.[5][6][60][61][67]
September 22, 1990Triet LeVan Nghe Tien PhongBailey's Crossroads, VirginiaA columnist of controversial content for the same Vietnamese magazine that employed Nhan Trong Do. Assassinated.[5][6][60][61][67][68]
February 18, 1991Jean-Claude OlivierWLQY-AM (1320)Little Haiti, Miami, FloridaA colleague of D'Or, he was known for his controversial commentary and was assassinated on his way to his car.[69][70]
March 15, 1991Fritz D'OrWLQY-AM (1320)Little Haiti, Miami, FloridaA colleague of Olivier's at WLQY, he was assassinated as he left a club.[69][71]
March 11, 1992Manuel de Dios UnanueEl Diario La PrensaQueens, New York City, New YorkMurdered by Colombian drug traffickers for writing about drug trade.[72][73]
October 24, 1993Dona St. PliteWKAT-AMLittle Haiti, Miami, FloridaSt. Plite was attending a benefit for former colleague Fritz Dor when he was also assassinated for supporting Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[69][74]
October 18, 2000 James Edwin RichardsCitizen journalist, editor and publisherVenice, Los Angeles, California Richards was murdered at his Oakwood neighborhood home in the neighborhood where he had established himself as a citizen crime reporter.[75][76]
September 11, 2001Bill BiggartFreelance photographerLower Manhattan, New York City, New YorkKilled while photographing the rescue effort outside the World Trade Center before the tower collapsed.[77]
October 5, 2001Robert StevensSunBoca Raton, FloridaMurdered as one of the media targets of the 2001 anthrax attacks less than a month after 9/11.[78]
November 6, 2001 Milton William Cooper Syndicated Radio & Broadcasting Journalist - Kimco Reality Eagar, AZ As an outspoken member of the militia community and unofficial spokesperson or the militia and anti-government subculture in the late 1990s, he became convinced that he was being personally targeted by President Bill Clinton and the Internal Revenue Service. In July 1998 he was charged with tax evasion; an arrest warrant was issued, but Cooper eluded repeated attempts to serve it. In 2000, he was named a "major fugitive" by the United States Marshals Service.[7]

On November 5, 2001, Apache County sheriff's deputies attempted to arrest Cooper at his Eagar, Arizona home on charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and endangerment stemming from disputes with local residents. After an exchange of gunfire during which Cooper shot one of the deputies in the head, Cooper was fatally shot. Federal authorities reported that Cooper had spent years evading execution of the 1998 arrest warrant, and according to a spokesman for the Marshals Service, he vowed that "he would not be taken alive".[1]

August 2, 2007Chauncey BaileyThe Oakland PostOakland, CaliforniaAfter investigating corruption in his community, Bailey was murdered on his way to work by the target of his reporting.[1][7]
August 26, 2015Alison ParkerWDBJ 7Moneta, VirginiaParker, a reporter, and Ward, a photojournalist, were shot on live television by one-time colleague Vester Flanagan while interviewing a subject about tourism.[79]
Adam Ward

Other journalists and media workers killed on 9/11

The only professional, working journalist to die while covering the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City was photojournalist Bill Biggart, who was killed by falling debris as he was taking photographs.[80][81] However, the International Federation of Journalists, which also counts media workers, said that six other media workers and a journalist who were not working at the time died in the attacks. Among those media workers listed as killed were six broadcast TV engineers, who worked inside a tower, and another professional photojournalist, who was a passenger on the first plane that was flown into the WTC.[82]

Gallery

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journalists killed in the United States.
Journalists killed in the United States
Elijah Parish Lovejoy (portrait)
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
 
James King of William (portrait)
James King of William
 
Frederick Wadsworth Loring (portrait)
Frederick Wadsworth Loring
 
Mark Kellogg (portrait)
Mark Kellogg
 
William Cowper Brann (portrait)
William Cowper Brann
 
Edward Ward Carmack (portrait)
Edward Ward Carmack
 
Walter W Liggett (portrait)
Walter W Liggett
 
Rubén Salazar (portrait)
Rubén Salazar
 

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Peele, Thomas (August 1, 2012). "Death stalks some reporters working their beats in U.S.". Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  2. ↑ Katel, Peter (July 5, 1993). "A Rash of Media Murders" (PDF). Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  3. ↑ Kuruvila, Matthai (January 31, 2008). "Grassroots ethnic reporting a perilous calling". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  4. ↑ Stacy, Stacy Lu (June 1996). "Journalism for the Brave | American Journalism Review". Ajr.org. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carney, Eliza Newlin (November 1993). "The Dangers of Being A Vietnamese Reporter". American Journalism Review. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thompson, A.C. (November 3, 2015). "Terror in Little Saigon". ProPublica & Frontline.
  7. 1 2 Christopher Heredia, Leslie Fulbright and Marisa Lagos (August 2, 2007). "Hit man kills newspaper editor on Oakland street". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  8. ↑ Simon, Joel (February 10, 2009). "Attacks on the Press in 2008: Introduction". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  9. ↑ Guggenheim, Ken (May 6, 2002). "Memorial Adds Names of 51 Journalists". Editor & Publisher. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  10. ↑ Gelder, Van (January 5, 1995). "Victor Riesel, 81, Columnist Blinded by Acid Attack, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Elijah Parish Lovejoy". The Untold Story: Activism & Social Justice at Colby. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Elijah Parish Lovejoy". Altonweb at the Riverbend. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  13. 1 2 Davis, Jefferson (1974). James T. McIntosh, ed. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: Volume 2 June 1841 – July 1846. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 252–253.
  14. 1 2 Davis, Jefferson (1974). James T. McIntosh, ed. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: Volume 2 June 1841 – July 1846. Louisiana State University Press. p. 62.
  15. ↑ Davis, Jefferson (1974). James T. McIntosh, ed. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: Volume 2 June 1841 – July 1846. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 318–319.
  16. ↑ "A Crime Scene: Vicksburg, Mississippi" (blog). The Trans-Mississippian. June 3, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  17. ↑ Noble, Doug. "Criminal annals 93: Gold fields and Judge Lynch". Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  18. ↑ Casey, James P. "Assassination of James King of Wm.: San Francisco, May 14th, 1856". The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  19. ↑ Woolley, Lell Hawley. "California 1849–1913 or The Rambling Sketches and Experiences of Sixty-Four Years' Residence in That State". Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  20. ↑ Heidler, David Stephen; Jeanne T. Heidler; David J. Coles (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 426–427.
  21. ↑ "Did you know?" (newsletter). Mosby Heritage Area Association Newsletter. Mosby Heritage Area Association. February 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  22. ↑ Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri, Volume II, 1863. McFarland.
  23. ↑ Fiske, Samuel (1866). Mr. Dunn Browne's Experiences in the Army. Boston: Nichols and Noyes. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Indian outrages". New York Times.  – via New York Times (subscription required) . September 27, 1866. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  25. ↑ "The Pacific Coast, 1871: Frederick W. Loring's Death". Hartford Daily Courant. November 15, 1871. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  26. ↑ Liddell, Marlane A. (May 1998). "The AP Looks Back: 150 Years of Capturing the Moment". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Topeka:John W. Wilson, who shot J. Clarke Swayze". Western Home Journal. April 5, 1877. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  28. ↑ McKee, Irving (August 1947). "The Shooting of Charles de Young". Pacific Historical Review.  – via JSTOR (subscription required) . 16 (3).
  29. ↑ "Crimes and casualties". The Sun. November 21, 1881. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Lawless New Mexico". Los Angeles Times. April 22, 1889. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  31. ↑ Roderick D. Gambrell: Death of a Hip Pocket Reformer – YesterYear Once More Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  32. ↑ Colonel Jones Stewart Hamilton: The Train and the Tragedies – YesterYear Once More Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Oshinsky, David M. (1996). Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-684-82298-9.
  34. ↑ THE DOUBLE DEATH Which Disgraced Mississippi Last Tuesday. The Fatal Meeting Between General Wirt Adams and Mr. John H. Martin — The Cause of the Tragedy. – Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, Georgia) May 4, 1888. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  35. ↑ Lloyd, Jane-Dale (1986). Porfirio Díaz frente al descontento popular regional, 1891–1893: antología documental (in Spanish). Universidad Iberoamericana. p. 65. ISBN 9688590118. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  36. ↑ "WARRING EDITORS. Sensational Shooting Affray in Columbus, Oh. TWO MEN KILLED AND SEVEN SERIOUSLY WOUNDED.". Sacramento Daily Union. Record-Union. February 24, 1891. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  37. ↑ Dyer, B. F., Warden (1891). History of the Ohio Penitentiary, Annex and Prisoners. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Penitentiary Print. pp. 173–176.
  38. ↑ Oshinsky, David M. (1900). Executive Documents. Annual Reports for 1899 Made to the Seventy-Fourth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Part I. Columbus, Ohio: The Westbote Co., State Printers. pp. 805–812.
  39. ↑ Conger, Roger N. "William Cowper Brann". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  40. ↑ Kantrowitz, Stephen (2015). Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. UNC Press Books.
  41. ↑ "Woman Tells How Carmack Was Slain" (PDF). The New York Times. February 17, 1909. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  42. ↑ Lai, H. Mark (2010). Chinese American Transnational Politics. University of Illinois Press. p. 14.
  43. ↑ "Death in Detroit". Time. August 4, 1930. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  44. ↑ Associated Press (September 7, 1934). "Former newspaper editor is slain". Lewiston Evening Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  45. ↑ United Press (September 7, 1934). "Gag law case editor is slain". Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Liggett slaying stirs demand for clean-up". Milwaukee Journal. December 15, 1935. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  47. ↑ Associated Press (December 10, 1935). "Walter Liggett, editor, killed". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  48. ↑ "The murder of journalist Arthur Kasherman". Rubbed Out. November 21, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  49. ↑ "Dime a dance place is shot up after slaying". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. July 31, 1949. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  50. ↑ "On disputed Texas election". Schenectady Gazette. May 27, 1952. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  51. ↑ Salinas, Alicia. "Alice, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  52. ↑ Bryant, Nick (Autumn 2006). "Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Ole Miss". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (53): 60–71.
  53. ↑ Gustavo Reveles Acosta (August 29, 2010). "Ruben Salazar killing left impact on Hispanics, journalism". El Paso Times. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  54. ↑ Laura Pulido; Laura Barraclough; Wendy Cheng (2012). A People's Guide to Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780520270817.
  55. ↑ "Don Bolles' tragic death". Michigan Daily. June 16, 1976. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  56. ↑ Hensley, Tatiana (May 28, 2006). "Bolles: Cautious man, dedicated journalist". Arizona Republic. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  57. ↑ Kelly, Charles (May 28, 2006). "Reverberations felt 30 years after Don Bolles' death". Arizona Republic. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  58. ↑ Vargas, Theresa (March 12, 2007). "'Some Things You Never Forget': Thirty years ago, gunmen stormed three D.C. buildings, taking 150 hostages and one life". Washington Post. p. B01. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  59. ↑ "Timeline: Whitey Bulger's Life in Boston". WGBH. June 22, 2011.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 Schou, Nick (August 16, 2007). "A History of Violence". OC Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 Schou, Nick (August 16, 2007). "Red Scare in Little Saigon". OC Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  62. ↑ Coburn, Judith (Feb–Mar 1983). "Terror in Saigontown, U.S.A.". Mother Jones. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  63. ↑ Tuyen Ngoc, Tran (2007). Behind the Smoke and Mirrors: The Vietnamese in California, 1975—1994. Location: Publisher. p. 149.
  64. ↑ Kolker, Claudia (February 9, 1995). "Casualties of War". Houston Press. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  65. ↑ Estes, Clarissa Pinkola (May 30, 2007). "The Ironies: White Supremacist Convicted of Slaying Alan Berg Dies". The Moderate Voice. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  66. ↑ Bishop, Katherine (March 9, 1988). "California Jury Is Told Defendant Admitted Slaying Journalist". New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  67. 1 2 Ayres Jr, B. Drummond (September 25, 1990). "Slaying of Vietnamese Exiles in Washington Renews Refugee Fears". New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  68. ↑ "Political motives in two killings?". Spokane Chronicle. September 24, 1990. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  69. 1 2 3 "Haiti's Culture of Violence Extends to Miami / The Christian Science Monitor". CSMonitor.com. October 27, 1993. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  70. ↑ Associated Press (February 21, 1991). "Controversial disc jockey shot to death". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  71. ↑ Rhor, Monica (March 17, 1991). "Militant Haitian Activist Shot And Killed By Unidentified ManMilitant Haitian Activist Shot And Killed By Unidentified Man". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  72. ↑ Ruiz, Albor (March 7, 2002). "Another Journalist Who Died In War". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
  73. ↑ Brock, Pope (March 30, 1992). "A Crusader Falls". People.com. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  74. ↑ "Haitian Commentator's Death". Sun Sentinel. October 26, 1993. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  75. ↑ "Was an LA Activist Shot for His Anti-Crime Efforts? – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  76. ↑ Piccalo, Gina; Streeter, Kurt (October 19, 2000). "Venice Anti-Gang Activist Killed in His Driveway". LA Times. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  77. ↑ Neal, Rome (September 6, 2002). "Bill Biggart: Final Exposures". CBS News. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Chronology of 2001 anthrax events". sun-sentinel. December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  79. ↑ "2 Virginia TV Crew Members Are Killed During Live Broadcast". New York Times. August 26, 2015.
  80. ↑ O'Clery, Conor (December 22, 2001). "The parting shot". The Irish Times.
  81. ↑ Adler, Jerry (October 15, 2001). "Shooting To the End". Newsweek. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  82. 1 2 3 4 "100 Journalists Killed In 2001". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "At Pakistan/Afghanistan Border; Journalist Among Dead and Media Workers Missing". IFEX.org. September 25, 2001.
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