List of poliomyelitis survivors

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Itzhak Perlman, a polio survivor, plays the violin while seated.

This is a list of notable people who have survived the infectious disease poliomyelitis. Poliomyelitis (often simply called polio) is an acute viral infection that involves the gastrointestinal tract and occasionally the central nervous system. Poliovirus is acquired by faecal-oral or oral transmission. Prior to the introduction of a vaccine in 1955, infection was common, with epidemics during the summer and autumn of temperate countries. An eradication programme has reduced the number of reported polio cases worldwide by more than 99% since the mid-1980s. Most infections are asymptomatic; a small number cause a minor illness that is indistinguishable from many other viral illnesses; less than 1% result in acute flaccid paralysis. The extent of paralysis varies from part of a limb to quadriplegia and respiratory failure. The latter was often treated with an iron lung until, it was hoped, the patient recovered. Around 30–40 years after contracting paralytic poliomyelitis, about 25–40% of cases lead to post-polio syndrome. Symptoms include muscle pain, further weakening of muscles and paralysis.[1][2]

Surviving paralytic polio can be a life-changing experience. Individuals may be permanently physically disabled to varying degrees. Others remember the fear and isolation.[3] Some continue to campaign for polio eradication or disability rights.

Uncontested diagnosis

This categorised alphabetical list contains only those people with a firm and uncontested diagnosis made while still alive.

Acting

Actress Marion Davies contracted polio as an adult.
Actors Donald Sutherland (above) and Alan Alda both played the role of Hawkeye Pierce and both had polio as children.
Name Life Comments
Alda, AlanAlan Alda born 1936 An actor most famous for his role as Hawkeye Pierce in the television series M*A*S*H. Alda contracted polio at age seven, during an epidemic. His parents administered a painful treatment, developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, in which hot woollen blankets were applied to the limbs and the muscles were stretched by massage.[4]
Davies, MarionMarion Davies 1897–1961 An actress who had a relationship with William Randolph Hearst. She caught polio in the 1940s, which affected one of her legs.[5]
Drury, JamesJames Drury born 1934 Drury is well known for his portrayal of the title role in the weekly television series, The Virginian. He survived a bout of polio at the age of 10.[6]
Farrow, MiaMia Farrow born 1945 An actress who was appointed a UNICEF goodwill ambassador in 2000, and campaigns in the fight against polio. Farrow collapsed on her ninth birthday and was diagnosed with polio two days later. She was in the hospital for eight months, where an iron lung maintained her breathing.[7]
Ferrer, MelMel Ferrer 1917–2008 In the early 1940s, Ferrer's career as an actor, film director and Broadway producer was stalled when he contracted polio. Ferrer was ill for a year and resumed work in radio instead of theatre.[8][9]
Kirk, PhyllisPhyllis Kirk 1929–2006 An actress best known for her role as the heroine in the 3-D film House of Wax. Kirk had polio as a child.[10]
Knef, HildegardHildegard Knef 1925–2002 After a bout with polio in 1932 Knef went on to become an actress, singer and writer.[11]
Lupino, IdaIda Lupino 1918–1995 A film actress and director, Lupino caught polio in June 1934 and was affected for only a few days.[12]
Phillips, PegPeg Phillips 1918–2002 An actress who survived a polio infection she caught as an adult.[13]
Rooney, TimTim Rooney 1947–2006 Actor and voice actor Tim Rooney was the second son of actor Mickey Rooney. He contracted polio as a child and was paralysed for two years.[14]
Russo, GianniGianni Russo born 1943 An actor best known for his role as Carlo Rizzi in the 1972 movie The Godfather. He contracted polio at age seven, and spent five years in a state hospital. Russo says, "I made a novena that if I ever walked again, I'd light five candles for St. Anthony every day."[15]
Sutherland, DonaldDonald Sutherland born 1935 Sutherland contracted polio as a child and developed a love of reading while bedridden. He went on to become an accomplished actor, and has appeared in over 130 films.[16][17]
Thaxter, PhyllisPhyllis Thaxter 1921-2012 Thaxter contracted polio in 1952. The disease took a toll on her career as an actress, to which she made a slow return—often taking roles that would accommodate a physical challenge.[18]
Verdon, GwenGwen Verdon 1925–2000 An actress and dancer on Broadway and in films. Verdon was encouraged to dance by her mother, a dance teacher, as therapy for her polio-afflicted legs.[19]
Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller 1904–1984 At age nine, Weissmüller contracted polio. At the suggestion of his doctor, he took up swimming to help battle the disease, and he went on to win five Olympic gold medals in the sport during the 1920s.[20]

Business

Toymaker Margarete Steiff was paralysed as an infant.
Name Life Comments
Bisz, Daisy RichardsDaisy Richards Bisz 1909–2007 After a bout of polio as an infant, Bisz went on to become one of Florida's first female attorneys, eventually winning a number of cases against Cuban leader Fidel Castro.[21]
Cabela, Richard N.Richard N. Cabela 1936-2014 An entrepreneur and founder of the outdoor retailer Cabela's. He stated that his business was inspired by his bout with polio and a deep love of fishing and hunting.[22]
Dawkins, PetePete Dawkins born 1938 Former Heisman Trophy winner, Rhodes Scholar, U.S. Army Brigadier General, and Republican candidate for Senate, Dawkins contracted polio at age eleven.[23]
Drabinsky, GarthGarth Drabinsky born 1949 Canadian theatrical producer, contracted polio at age three, and was left with a limp in his left leg.[24]
Fisher, Richard B.Richard B. Fisher 1936–2004 Chairman emeritus of the securities firm Morgan Stanley, he had to use a cane as a result of polio.[25]
Mars, Franklin ClarenceFranklin Clarence Mars 1884–1934 Founded the Mars confectionery company. After contracting polio as a child and unable to play like other children, Mars helped his mother in the kitchen. This led to selling candy after school and, eventually, his own company.[26]
Stewart, James McGregorJames McGregor Stewart 1889-1955 Prominent Canadian lawyer and businessman. Contracted polio at age two and used crutches. First Nova Scotian President of the Canadian Bar Association, coal administrator during the Second World War, and founder of Halifax law firm, Stewart McKelvey.
Steiff, MargareteMargarete Steiff 1847–1909 A toy maker and founder of the Steiff Company, known for its teddy bear. She contracted polio, aged 18 months, and lost the use of her legs and had only partial use of her right arm.[27]
Stein, Charles FrancisCharles Francis Stein 1933–2006 A Baltimore, Maryland, lawyer and prominent sail boat racing skipper, he contracted polio while at college and spent months in an iron lung.[28]
Washington, DennisDennis Washington born 1934 A businessman and founder of The Washington Companies. He contracted polio when he was eight and recovered well.[29]
Wayne E. Nichols Jr. born 1950 Business man and founder of Nichols Casework, Inc. and LOC Scientific, Inc, Contracted polio at 3, wore a brace 3 years, 3 surgeries next 10 years. Retired 2014 due to Post Polio Syndrome.

Disability rights activists

Judith Heumann had to take legal action to be allowed to become a teacher.
Name Life Comments
Dart, Jr., Justin WhitlockJustin Whitlock Dart, Jr. 1930–2002 An activist who helped pass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A bout of polio at age 18 left him using a wheelchair.[30]
Ducharme, TheresaTheresa Ducharme 1945–2004 A crusader for equality of disabled people, Ducharme contracted polio in 1953. The disease left her a quadriplegic and dependent on a respirator for the rest of her life.[31]
Gallagher , HughHugh Gallagher 1933–2004 Author and disability rights advocate, Hugh Gallagher contracted polio at college and subsequently required a wheelchair due to lower-body paralysis. He aided the drafting of the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968.[32]
Heumann, JudithJudith Heumann born 1947 Heumann contracted polio when she was 18 months old, and is unable to walk. She became a disability rights activist, co-founding the World Institute on Disability, and served as Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services during the Clinton Administration.[33]
Roberts, EdEd Roberts 1939–1995 A disability rights activist who co-founded the World Institute on Disability and was the first severely disabled student to attend the University of California, Berkeley. At age 14 Roberts contracted polio; he was paralysed and in an iron lung within 24 hours. When told he would be a vegetable for the rest of his life, he "decided to be an artichoke...a little prickly on the outside but with a big heart."[34]
Massie, BertBert Massie born 1949 Sir Bert Massie is a prominent British disability rights campaigner who contracted polio at the age of one. He served as Chairman of the Disability Rights Commission from 2000 to 2007.[35]

Film, television and radio

Director Francis Ford Coppola's childhood was interrupted by polio for over a year.
Television presenter David Onley found his employers to be supportive in accommodating his extra needs.
Name Life Comments
Adepitan, AdrianAdrian Adepitan born 1973 A television presenter and wheelchair basketball player, Adepitan caught polio, aged six months, in Nigeria. His left side is weakened, especially his left leg.[36]
Atalla, AshAsh Atalla born 1972 A television producer best known for the comedy series The Office. While living in Cairo Atalla contracted polio from polluted water when he was six months old. He uses a wheelchair and claims that, although he gets "patronised all the time", he has never "experienced prejudice because of it".[37][38]
Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola born 1939 A film director, producer, and screenwriter. He recalls, "When I was nine I was confined to a room for over a year with polio, and because polio is a child's illness, they kept every other kid away from me. I remember being pinned to this bed, and longing for friends and company."[39]
Cord, AlexAlex Cord born 1933 A film and television actor known for the CBS series Airwolf (1984-1986), he had polio between the ages of twelve and sixteen. Cord's family relocated to a Wyoming ranch c. 1945, where he was encouraged to ride horseback for successful therapy.[40]
Cullen, BillBill Cullen 1920–1990 A radio and television personality, best known as a game show host, particularly The Price Is Right, Cullen contracted polio at the age of eighteen months. This left him with a permanent limp. He first worked in radio so that his limp would not be seen.[41]
Dante, JoeJoe Dante born 1946 A film director and producer. He had a bout with polio, aged seven.[42]
Drabinsky, GarthGarth Drabinsky born 1949 Drabinsky contracted polio at age six, which temporarily paralysed his left leg. He became a film and theatrical producer, and believes his experience with polio "galvanised [his] spirit and sense of determination".[43]
Laws, JohnJohn Laws born 1935 Radio presenter John Laws contracted polio twice: as a boy and as a young man.[3]
Onley, DavidDavid Onley A television reporter and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. He received the Clarke Institute's 1996 "Courage to Come Back" Award for his battle with polio.[44]
Owen, DonDon Owen 1930-2012 The news anchor for KSLA in Shreveport, Louisiana from 1954 to 1984 and later a member of the Louisiana Public Service Commission from 1985 to 2002, Owen was stricken with polio when he was a teenager and wore a leg brace for the rest of his life.[45]
Packer, KerryKerry Packer 1937–2005 A publishing, media and gaming tycoon who owned the Australian Nine Network. He contracted polio as a child, spent nine months in an iron lung, and consequently fell behind at school.[46]
Roizman, OwenOwen Roizman born 1936 Roizman contracted polio at age 13, which ended his dream to be a professional baseball player. He became a cinematographer and has been nominated for five Oscars.[47]
Smith, StacyStacy Smith A news anchor on KDKA-TV, Pennsylvania. He contracted polio at the age of six months, and was completely paralysed for a time, and now walks with a limp.[48]
Starkey, DavidDavid Starkey born 1945 Radio and television presenter and English historian, Starkey was born with two club feet and caught polio as an infant. He recalls, "I spent a lot of my infancy in hospital and actually started school in a wheelchair with this enormous plaster, and then into a surgical boot and callipers, none of which helps assimilation with other children."[49]
Steagall, RedRed Steagall born 1937 Later a radio and television personality, Steagall worked as a rodeo bull rider until he contracted polio at age 15. He began playing guitar as part of his recovery, and has recorded over 200 songs in various genres.[50]
Yu, RonnyRonny Yu born 1950 A film director, producer and writer. Yu contracted polio, aged eight months. During his slow recovery he developed fantasy worlds to cope with his loneliness.[51]

Literature

Arthur C. Clarke contracted polio in 1962. His recovery returned him to top form at his favourite sport, table tennis.
Name Life Comments
Beresford, J. D.J. D. Beresford 1873–1947 A writer who is remembered for his early science fiction. He was crippled by polio in childhood.[52]
Bradlee, Benjamin C.Benjamin C. Bradlee 1921–2014 The vice president and former executive editor of The Washington Post. He caught polio, aged 14, and was paralysed for several months. Bradlee believed the experience made him a different person.[53]
Breakwell, SpikeSpike Breakwell born 1968 A comedian, best known for co-writing the Beginners' Guides column in The Times magazine. He caught polio, aged four months, after receiving the oral polio vaccine. He was in a coma for two weeks and is now a wheelchair-user.[54]
Briggs, Joe BobJoe Bob Briggs born 1953 Film critic, writer and actor, Briggs contracted polio in childhood and was left with a pronounced limp.[55]
Brooks-Baker, HaroldHarold Brooks-Baker 1933–2005 A financier, journalist and publisher especially concerning the British aristocracy. He was affected by polio for much of his life.[56]
Clarke, Arthur C.Arthur C. Clarke 1917–2008 A science-fiction author and inventor. He contracted polio in February 1962, which confined him to bed for months. In 1984, he was diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, and he spent the last years of his life in a wheelchair.[57]
Cockburn, PatrickPatrick Cockburn born 1950 A journalist whose memoir, The Broken Boy recalls his childhood in 1950s Ireland when he caught polio, aged six.[58]
Creasey, JohnJohn Creasey 1908–1973 Creasey contracted polio in childhood, and had to re-learn to walk at age six. He went on to become an accomplished author, publishing 560 books under several different pseudonyms.[59]
Harry Crews 1935-2012 Southern Gothic Georgia-born author contracted polio at age five in Bacon County, GA and went on to publish15 novels, several collections of nonfiction, and a memoir. Columnist for Playboy and Esquire magazines and professor of creative writing at the University of Florida-Gainesville.
Crompton, RichmalRichmal Crompton 1890–1969 A writer most famous for her Just William humorous short stories. She caught polio in 1923 and lost the use of her right leg. When it became physically too hard to continue her teaching career she gave it up to concentrate on writing.[60] Crompton believed that she had "a much more interesting life because of [her polio attack]".[61]
Farrell, J. G.J. G. Farrell 1935–1979 A novelist known for his historical fiction, most notably his Empire Trilogy. Farrell contracted polio in 1956 while studying at Brasenose College, Oxford, and was forced to spend an extended time in an iron lung in order to breathe. This experience became the basis of his second novel, The Lung.[62]
Kriegel, LeonardLeonard Kriegel born 1933 An author whose work includes essays and memoirs on the subject of disability. He caught polio, aged eleven, which left him without the use of his legs.[63]
Levi, PeterPeter Levi 1931–2000 After battling polio as a teenager,[64] Levi went on to become—among other things—a professor of poetry at Oxford, a Jesuit priest, and the author of over 40 books.
Marshall, AlanAlan Marshall 1902–1984 A writer best known for his autobiography I Can Jump Puddles. He caught polio, aged six, and walked with crutches afterwards.[65]
Mason, MarthaMartha Mason 1937–2009 Mason was affected with polio at age 11 and spent the remainder of her life in an iron lung. She wrote a memoir, Breath: Life in the Rhythm of an Iron Lung, which was published in 2003.[66]
Miles, RosalindRosalind Miles born 1943 An author of fiction and non-fiction books. She caught polio, aged four, and spent several months in an iron lung.[67]
Presley, GaryGary Presley born 1942 An essayist and author who contracted polio in 1959, leaving him near quadriplegic. Presley has had essays published by several major venues, both in print and online, including the New York Times, Salon and the Washington Post. His memoir,Seven Wheelchairs: A Life Beyond Polio, was published in 2008 by the University of Iowa Press and received favorable reviews in the New York Times and Kirkus Magazine.[68]
Preston, PeterPeter Preston born 1938 A journalist and former editor of The Guardian. He caught polio shortly after his father who died in a couple of days. Preston needed an iron lung to survive and was frequently in hospital for the next 18 months. His limbs were permanently affected as a result.[69]
Quick, John HerbertJohn Herbert Quick 1861–1925 A writer best known for his trilogy on Iowa pioneers: Vandemark's Folly, The Hawkeye and The Invisible Woman. Childhood polio deformed his feet restricting him indoors where he developed a love of reading.[70]
Ramakrishnan, H.H. Ramakrishnan born 1941 A journalist and speaker on disabled rights. Ramakrishna was paralysed by polio, aged two, and walks with leg braces.[71]
Sampter, JessieJessie Sampter 1883–1938 A Zionist educator, poet and pioneer. She caught polio, aged thirteen, and was confined to bed for months. The illness left her fingers crippled and her spine curved.[72]
Shell, MarcMarc Shell born 1947 Currently Irving Babbitt Professor of Comparative Literature and Professor of English at Harvard University, Shell's books in disability studies include works about paralysis and stuttering. Salk's vaccine came too late. September 1953: He began first grade at Van Horne School in Montreal. October 14: He contracted polio. It was the same day that the foundation backed Jonas Salk's proposal to test his vaccine.[73]
Sidhwa, BapsiBapsi Sidhwa born 1938 An author, most noted for her novel Cracking India, which tells of the partition of India through the eyes of a young girl affected with polio. Sidhwa caught polio, aged two, which paralysed her leg and led to several operations. Doctors advised her parents not to send her to school; she had a lonely childhood, filled with reading.[74][75]
Swanton, E. W.E. W. Swanton 1907–2000 Well known cricket writer and broadcaster E.W. Swanton developed polio while held as a POW in the forced labour camps of the Thai-Burma railway during World War II.[76] He was left with a withered left shoulder and upper arm.[77]
Tonks, RosemaryRosemary Tonks born 1932 Tonks, a poet, was paralysed by polio for two months.[78]
Tyerman, DonaldDonald Tyerman 1908–1981 A journalist and editor of The Economist. Tynerman contracted polio at the age of three, which left his legs completely paralysed.[79] He was eventually able to walk with the assistance of leg callipers and walking sticks, and once said that "The ambition and pride of the disabled, as I have some reason to know, is to stand on their own feet."[80]
Waller, LeslieLeslie Waller 1923–2007 The author of several crime novels and movie novelisations, Waller contracted polio as a child and read avidly during his recovery.[81]
Watson, EmmettEmmett Watson 1918–2001 A newspaper columnist based in Seattle, Washington. In 1946 Watson survived a bout with polio; he got the disease while working as a sportswriter for the Seattle Star.[82]
Wilson, Robert AntonRobert Anton Wilson 1932–2007 A writer best known as the co-author of The Illuminatus! Trilogy. He caught polio, aged four, and was treated by the method devised by Sister Elizabeth Kenny. In later years, he was affected with post-polio syndrome and was an advocate of the medical use of marijuana to treat his symptoms.[83]

Music

Saxophonist David Sanborn spent a year in an iron lung.
Cecil 'Skelly' Spence of Israel Vibration, a band founded by three polio survivors.
Singer-songwriter Neil Young contracted polio during an epidemic in the summer of 1951.
Name Life Comments
Blyton, CareyCarey Blyton 1932–2002 A composer and writer best known for his song Bananas In Pyjamas. Blyton contracted polio in 1947 and learned to play the piano during his two-year convalescence to "demonstrate that the illness wouldn't get the better of him."[84]
Boswell, ConneeConnee Boswell 1907–1976 A jazz singer who performed with her sisters as "The Boswell Sisters". She contracted polio, aged three, and was left with partially paralysed legs. Boswell used a wheelchair for most of her life.[85]
Collins, JudyJudy Collins born 1939 As a child, singer-songwriter Judy Collins spent several months in the hospital recovering from bout with polio. Collins later became a representative for UNICEF and has worked to promote polio vaccination programmes.[86]
Davis, CeDellCeDell Davis born 1927 A blues guitarist and singer. After a bout with polio at age nine crippled his hands Davis learned to play the guitar upside down, using a butter knife to help fret the strings, producing a similar sound to a slide guitar.[87]
DePreist, JamesJames DePreist 1936–2013 Conductor James DePreist contracted polio in 1962 while on tour in Bangkok. Instead of using crutches and braces he conducted sitting down.[88]
, DonovanDonovan born 1946 Folk singer-songwriter and guitarist Donovan contracted polio, aged four, from the vaccine he was given. This left him with a limp and feeling excluded. However, he says "I kind of look back on it and think it was positive for me because it made me withdraw from my pals and realise I was different."[89]
Dury, IanIan Dury 1942–2000 A rock and roll singer and songwriter, leader of the band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. His hand and leg were left shrivelled by a bout with polio at age seven. He campaigned with UNICEF to eradicate polio.[90]
Flanders, MichaelMichael Flanders 1922–1975 An actor, broadcaster, and writer and performer of comic songs, often in partnership with Donald Swann. He contracted polio in 1943 while serving in the Royal Navy, and required a wheelchair for the rest of his life.[91]
Fournier, PierrePierre Fournier 1906–1986 Fournier, later a cellist, began playing the piano as a child. In 1915 he had a mild case of polio, and lost dexterity in his legs and feet. No longer able to master the use of the piano pedals he turned to playing the cello.[73]
Haden, CharlieCharlie Haden 1937-2014 Haden, a renowned jazz double bassist, began singing in his family's band as a toddler. After a bout with polio at age 15 paralysed his vocal cords and throat, he took up the double bass.[92][93]
Joseph, WaldrenWaldren Joseph 1918–2004 Trombonist Waldren "Frog" Joseph had polio as an infant, which left him with a permanent limp. He began playing music during his recovery.[94]
Lawrence, MarjorieMarjorie Lawrence 1909–1979 A soprano whose battle with polio and, subsequently, depression at the height of her career, is the subject of the 1955 film Interrupted Melody.[95]
Marshall, LoisLois Marshall 1924–1997 Marshall, a soprano, contracted polio at age two and required many operations over ten years to help fix her legs.[96]
McGhee, BrownieBrownie McGhee 1915–1996 A folk-blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaborations with harmonica player Sonny Terry. When McGhee was paralysed due to polio as a child, he constructed a pushcart to get around. The cart was propelled with a stick by his younger brother, Granville "Stick" McGhee.[97]
Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell born 1943 A musician, songwriter and painter. Mitchell started singing at age nine while in the hospital recovering from polio.[98] Her distinctive sound featured dozens of non-standard guitar tunings, which she developed partly to compensate for a weakened arm.[99][100]
Parlan, HoraceHorace Parlan born 1931 A jazz pianist. He contracted polio as a child, which paralysed the fourth and fifth fingers on his right hand.[101]
Perlman, ItzhakItzhak Perlman born 1945 A virtuoso violinist. He contracted polio at the age of four. Perlman requires braces and crutches to walk, and plays the violin seated.[102]
Peterson, RayRay Peterson 1939–2005 Best known for his hit pop music song Tell Laura I Love Her, Peterson started singing while hospitalised with polio.[103]
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus 1925–1991 A blues singer and songwriter. He contracted polio as a child, which left him in braces and using crutches. Later, a fall down stairs left him in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.[104][105]
Sanborn, DavidDavid Sanborn born 1945 A jazz saxophonist. He contracted polio, aged three, and spent one year in an iron lung, followed by two years in bed. He was advised to learn a wind instrument to help with his recovery. Sanborn is now affected by post-polio syndrome.[106]
Shore, DinahDinah Shore 1916–1994 A big band singer, actress and talk show host. Shore contracted polio, aged 18 months, which left her right leg crippled. She recovered strength through massage, swimming and tennis.[107]
Syms, SylviaSylvia Syms 1917–1992 A cabaret and jazz singer, Syms had polio as a child.[108]
Tebaldi, RenataRenata Tebaldi 1922–2004 Tebaldi, a soprano, contracted polio at age three, which caused her difficulty walking. During this experience she discovered music, which she said saved her life.[109]
Vibration, IsraelIsrael Vibration This reggae band was formed after the three founding members met at the Mona Rehabilitation Centre in Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s.[73] Member Albert "Apple Gabriel" Craig said of his bout with polio, "It take a lot from me outta life, but at the same time it give me much more in life".[110]
Young, NeilNeil Young born 1945 A singer-songwriter and guitarist. He caught polio at age five, during the epidemic of 1951.[111]
Vargas, ChavelaChavela Vargas 1919 - 2012 Costa Rican born singer of Mexican rancheras and other genres.

Politics

Kim Beazley was hospitalised with polio as a child.
Former senator John Porter East contracted polio in 1955 while serving as a lieutenant in the United States Marines.
Robert McNamara's career was changed when both he and his wife contracted polio.
Name Life Comments
Andersen, Elmer L.Elmer L. Andersen 1909–2004 A businessman and former governor of Minnesota. He contracted polio, aged nine, and was confined to bed. Andersen eventually made a good recovery but in his eighties, he was affected by post-polio syndrome. He believed that polio had a positive psychological impact on him and increased his determination.[112]
Attanayake, SenarathSenarath Attanayake born 1966 The first person with a disability in Sri Lanka to be elected to a governing body, to hold portfolios and become an Acting Chief Minister. He is a lawyer and currently a member of the Uva Provincial Council. He contracted polio at the age of two and is a full-time wheelchair user.
Beazley, KimKim Beazley born 1948 Former leader of the Australian Labor Party. He contracted polio, aged five.[113]
Bennett, Charles EdwardCharles Edward Bennett 1910–2003 Former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida. He contracted polio during World War II in the Philippines. Bennett walked with a cane.[114]
Bjelke-Petersen, JohJoh Bjelke-Petersen 1911–2005 Queensland, Australia's longest serving Premier, Joh contracted polio at age nine, which left him with a limp.[115]
Boyles, Harlan E.Harlan E. Boyles 1929–2003 A North Carolina politician, Boyles had hoped to become a farmer, but was struck by polio as a teenager. After spending a year in the hospital he went into public service instead.[116][117]
Cohen, SteveSteve Cohen born 1949 A Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee. He was unfortunate to miss out on the 1954 Salk vaccine trials that his paediatrician father was helping with and that his brother benefited from—he was not in the appropriate age-group. Cohen caught polio that year, aged five, and was ill for three months. He still walks with a limp and has problems with his balance.[118]
Critchley, JulianJulian Critchley 1930–2000 A writer, broadcaster and Conservative Member of Parliament. He contracted polio in his youth and was much later affected by paralysis from post-polio syndrome.[119]
Dail, CharlesCharles Dail 1909–1968 Elected Mayor of San Diego in 1955, Dail, who had had polio, helped to establish the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.[120]
Diarmada, Seán MacSeán Mac Diarmada 1883–1916 Although he was left lame after a bout of polio in 1911, Mac Diarmada was involved in several Irish separatist organisations including Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and was one of the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising.[121]
East, John PorterJohn Porter East 1931–1986 Former Republican member of the United States Senate from North Carolina. He caught polio in 1955 while serving as a lieutenant in the United States Marines.[122]
Hager, John H.John H. Hager born 1936 Politician and former Senior Vice President of American Tobacco Company. He caught polio from his son's oral vaccination, which left his legs paralysed.[123]
Kremer, Daniel J.Daniel J. Kremer born 1937 Presiding Justice of the California Fourth District Court of Appeal, Division One. He caught polio while in high school during a 1950s polio epidemic.[124]
Martin, Paul Edgar PhilippePaul Edgar Philippe Martin born 1938 Prime Minister of Canada from 2003 to 2006. He caught polio in 1946, which paralysed his throat, and took almost a year to fully recover.[125][126]
Martin, Paul Joseph JamesPaul Joseph James Martin 1903–1992 A politician, and father of Paul Martin (the former Prime Minister of Canada). He contracted polio in 1907 and was left with a slight limp. Martin was Minister of Health and Welfare when the Salk vaccine was conducting field trials. His personal family experience of polio made him determined to continue the trial, even after a setback where 79 children caught polio from the vaccine.[125][126]
McConnell, MitchMitch McConnell born 1942 A Republican member of the United States Senate from Kentucky and current Senate Minority Leader. He contracted polio at age two resulting in a paralyzed left leg, but eventually recovered with physical therapy.[127]
McNamara, RobertRobert McNamara 1916–2009 A business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense. Both McNamara and his wife contracted polio in August 1945. He was in the hospital for a couple of months but his wife was badly affected and remained there for nine months. His career change from Harvard professor to the Ford Motor Company was made to pay her hospital bills.[128]
Padaca, GraceGrace Padaca born 1963 Grace Padaca is the current governor of the northern Philippines province of Isabela. A bout of polio at age three left her using crutches; Padaca often declares: "My weakness is my strength".[129]
Paulus, NormaNorma Paulus born 1933 A politician from the state of Oregon, Paulus contracted polio at age nineteen. After her recovery, she moved to Salem where she became a legal secretary.[130]
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882–1945 U.S. President 1933-1945. FDR founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, now called the March of Dimes. He spent as much time as he could recuperating from Poliomyelitis in the waters of Warm Springs, Georgia where he founded one of the first rehabilitation facilities for Polio survivors.
Royle, AnthonyAnthony Royle 1927–2001 Prior to his run as a Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Richmond (Surrey), Royle, the Baron Fanshawe of Richmond, was an officer in the SAS. In 1950, he shipped out for Korea. En route, he contracted polio and had to be left in Malaysia where spent a year fighting for his life in an iron lung. He survived, but the disease left him with a permanent limp.[131]
Scheuer, James H.James H. Scheuer 1920–2005 Scheuer was a millionaire real-estate developer and served 13 terms (1965 to 1993) as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. During World War II he served as an Army Air Force flight instructor, after which he developed symptoms of polio and used a cane for the rest of his life.[132]
Skelton, IkeIke Skelton 1931-2013 A Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri during 1977 to 2010, Skelton developed polio as a child. During his recovery he developed a love of history.[133] In 2004 Skelton sponsored a resolution honouring the life and legacy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[134]
Wade, Baron Wade, DonaldDonald Wade, Baron Wade 1904–1988 A British solicitor who later became a Liberal Party MP, Wade suffered from polio as a child.[135]
Ware, MarthaMartha Ware 1917–2009 A Plymouth County, Massachusetts District Court judge from 1956 to 1979. Prior to that, she served three terms as a state representative from 1950 to 1956. During her campaign for the Legislature in 1950 she was stricken with polio and was bedridden for three months. Sitting in a wheelchair, she was sworn into office in January 1951.[136]
Watson, Arthur C.Arthur C. Watson 1909–1984 A prominent Natchitoches, Louisiana, civic leader, and chairman of the Louisiana Democratic Party, Watson lost the use of both legs when he contracted polio at the age of 19 months.[137]
Woods, GavinGavin Woods born 1947 Gavin Woods is a South African political figure who contracted polio as a baby. He overcame the many obstacles posed by the effects of the disease to become a member of parliament, among other achievements.[138]
Hee, Yit FoongYit Foong Hee born 1959 Hee Yit Foong was the first non-Malay, disabled woman, to become the deputy speaker of a Malaysian legislative body, the Dewan Undangan Negeri of Perak. She carries a limp from a case of polio she contracted at the age of 4.[139]

Science and medicine

Elsie MacGill caught polio in the same year she became the first Canadian woman to receive an Aeronautical Engineering degree.
Physicist Philip Morrison, who had polio as a child, worked on the Manhattan Project.
Name Life Comments
DuMont, Allen B.Allen B. DuMont 1901–1965 A scientist, inventor, and television pioneer, DuMont developed polio at age 11. While recovering from polio he began experimenting with electronics by building a radio transmitter and receiver out of an oatmeal box.[140]
Erickson, Milton H.Milton H. Erickson 1901–1980 A psychiatrist who was influential in the modern practice of hypnosis and psychotherapy. He contracted polio, aged 17, and was almost completely paralysed for a time. Erickson regarded his lengthy recovery as a learning experience. Later, post-polio syndrome paralysed his legs and an arm.[141]
Guyton, ArthurArthur Guyton 1919–2003 A physiologist noted for his work on cardiology. He contracted polio in 1946 during his final year of medical residency training. Guyton's shoulders, left arm and right leg were paralysed. During nine months of recovery, he built many devices to aid the handicapped, for which he received a Presidential Citation. He remained severely crippled and could only walk with difficulty.[142]
Little, William JohnWilliam John Little 1810–1894 Little was the founder of the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital of London and the first to identify cerebral palsy. Around age two, Little was infected with poliomyelitis which caused a deformed foot. He decided to enter the medical profession, with the intention of finding a cure for his foot.[143][144]
MacGill, ElsieElsie MacGill 1905–1980 The first female aircraft designer in the world, MacGill was afflicted with polio at the age of 24. Although her disability brought an end to her dream of becoming a pilot, she insisted on going on all flight tests in order to best assess her aircraft designs.[145]
Midgley, Jr., ThomasThomas Midgley, Jr. 1889–1944 A mechanical engineer and chemist, Midgley developed chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and leaded gasoline, and held over a hundred patents. He contracted polio at age 51, which left him severely disabled, and caused him to lose a leg. To help himself get out of bed, Midgley designed a system of ropes and pulleys; he died of strangulation in 1944 after becoming tangled in the ropes of his apparatus.[146]
Morrison, PhilipPhilip Morrison 1915–2005 A physicist and protégé of Robert Oppenheimer, Morrison worked on the Manhattan Project early in his career. He contracted polio at the age of four, which left him partly handicapped, but also stimulated a love of science.[147]
Noether, MaxMax Noether 1844–1921 "One of the finest mathematicians of the nineteenth century", Noether studied algebraic geometry. He contracted polio at the age of 14, and it left him permanently handicapped.[148]
Rue, RosemaryRosemary Rue 1928–2004 A physician, Rue contracted polio from a patient in 1954 (she was the last person in Oxford, England, to get the disease). The disease left her with one useless leg but motivated her to become a champion for women in medicine.[149]
Singh, SatendraSatendra Singh A physiologist, Singh is also a disability activist from Delhi.[150]
Schwartz, LaurentLaurent Schwartz 1915–2002 Schwartz, a mathematician, had a childhood brush with polio.[151]
Seibert, Florence B.Florence B. Seibert 1897–1991 Siebert contracted polio as a young child, and was left with a slight limp. She went on to develop the Tuberculin antigen used in the standard Tuberculosis test.[152]
Whipple, Fred LawrenceFred Lawrence Whipple 1906–2004 Whipple became an astronomer after a mild bout of polio thwarted his dream of becoming a professional tennis player. He is best known for his "dirty snowball" model of comets.[153]
Whyte, William FooteWilliam Foote Whyte 1914–2000 A sociologist, Whyte's specialty was his study of Boston's North End gangs. He caught polio in 1943. After two years of rehabilitation at the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation, Whyte continued his field research; conducting all of his interviews with the aid of braces, crutches and cane.[154]

Sports

Ray Ewry, nicknamed "The Human Frog" for his ability to leap, spent some of his childhood in a wheelchair.
Name Life Comments
Albright, TenleyTenley Albright born 1935 The first American female figure skating world champion and Olympic champion. She caught polio, aged 11, and was isolated in the hospital for a while. Albright later became a surgeon and helped with the international polio eradication effort through the World Health Assembly.[155][156]
Autuori, PauloPaulo Autuori born 1956 A Brazilian futsal player in his teens, Paulo Autuori contracted poliomyelitis and had to give up his career as a player. He decided to study to become a coach instead, and became one of the most successful managers in Brazilian football.[157]
Blackman, BobBob Blackman 1918–2000 After a bout of polio during his first year of college ended his football-playing career, Blackman became a college football head coach. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987.[158]
Bleibtrey, EtheldaEthelda Bleibtrey 1902–1978 A triple Olympic gold medallist in the freestyle swimming events. At age 16, she took up swimming to help recover from a bout of polio. Shortly afterwards, Bleibtrey competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.[159]
Chandrasekhar, BhagwatBhagwat Chandrasekhar born 1945 A cricketer who specialised in leg spin. At age five his right arm was withered by a bout of polio. Chandrasekhar used his right hand for bowling which led to his distinctive style.[160]
Davis, WaltWalt Davis born 1931 An Olympic gold medallist in the high jump, and later a basketball player in the NBA. He caught polio, aged nine, and could not walk for three years.[161]
Davis, W. HarryW. Harry Davis 1923–2006 Stricken with polio at age three, Davis was left crippled from the waist down until he was five.[162] He recovered but his legs remained slightly different lengths. Davis went on to become a successful amateur boxing coach and served on the U.S. Olympic boxing committee. He was also an executive, a civil rights leader, and campaigned as Minneapolis's first black mayoral candidate in 1971.[163]
Dore, DavidDavid Dore born 1940 Dore served as the head of the Canadian Figure Skating Association for 17 years. He was introduced to figure skating as a child while recovering from polio.[164]
Ewry, RayRay Ewry 1873–1937 Track and field athlete Ray Ewry contracted polio as a child, and he used a wheelchair for a while. He devised his own exercises to strengthen his legs. Ewry went on to become one of the most successful Olympic athletes of all time, winning 10 gold medals in standing jump events.[161][165]
Fantato, PaolaPaola Fantato born 1959 Despite being confined to a wheelchair by polio as a child, Italian Archer Fantato has competed in both the Olympics and Paralympics, winning six medals in the latter.
Gadsby, BillBill Gadsby born 1926 A former ice hockey defenceman in the NHL, Gadsby contracted polio at age 24 while at a training camp. Fortunately, he was able to recover quickly and his hockey season was uninterrupted.[166]
Grant, BudBud Grant born 1927 The long-time former American football head coach of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League for eighteen seasons. He caught polio as a child, leaving one leg shortened. He was advised to take up sport as therapy.[167]
Hartel, LisLis Hartel born 1921 An Olympic dressage silver medallist. She caught polio, aged 23, while pregnant. Hartel was left permanently paralysed below the knees but was able to compete again after three years of rehabilitation.[168]
Hinson, LarryLarry Hinson born 1944 A professional golfer, Hinston's left arm was affected by a bout with polio as a boy, but it never hindered his golf game.[169]
Konrads, JohnJohn Konrads born 1942 An Olympic freestyle swimmer in the 1950s and 1960s, Konrads caught a mild case of polio while swimming at the community pool.[170][171]
Mann, ShelleyShelley Mann born 1937 Mann caught polio, aged six, and took up swimming to aid her recovery. At the 1956 Summer Olympics she won gold and silver medals in butterfly events.[172]
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus born 1940 A professional golfer who has won many major golf championships. He caught polio, aged 13. Nicklaus was affected with stiffness, pain and weight loss over two weeks. He recovered without any paralysis but believes he may have post-polio syndrome, which makes his joints sore. His sister Marilyn also caught polio, possibly from him, and was less fortunate – she was unable to walk for a year.[173]
Rudolph, WilmaWilma Rudolph 1940–1994 A track and field athlete, Rudolph was the first American woman to win three gold medals at the Olympic Games. At age four, she contracted polio and lost the use of her left leg. After five years of massage and exercises, she managed to walk again without her leg braces. By the time she was a teenager, Rudolph was faster than the boys in her neighbourhood were. Rudolph won a bronze medal, aged 16, at the 1956 Summer Olympics and three gold medals in the 1960 Summer Olympics.[174]
Soares, JoeJoe Soares born ~1959 Soares contracted polio as an infant in Portugal, resulting in his use of a wheelchair. At age four, he was sent, alone, from his island home in the Azores to Lisbon. There he underwent surgery and spent six months in a body cast.[175] Soares became a well known wheelchair rugby player and coach. His story is, in part, the subject of the 2005 documentary film, Murderball.[176]
Wertz, VicVic Wertz 1925–1983 A Major League Baseball first baseman and outfielder. He caught non-paralytic polio during August 1955 and was in the hospital for 20 days.[177][178]

Visual arts

Lord Snowdon has often campaigned to improve the lives of disabled people.
Name Life Comments
Colin Banks, Colin Banks 1932–2002 A graphic designer and typographer, Banks is well known for his British Telecom and Royal Mail branding designs. He went into the graphic design business after a bout of polio left him with a permanent limp and put an end to his promising career as a long-distance runner.[179]
Chang, WahWah Chang 1917–2003 A designer, sculptor, and artist best known for his film props. He caught polio, aged 21, which paralysed his legs for nine months. Using leg braces and crutches, he started walking again. Chang was affected by post-polio syndrome in 1992.[180][181][182]
Flugelman, BertBert Flugelman 1923-2013 Flugelman contracted polio at the age of 28, which left him partly crippled. His disability actually motivated him to move from painting to a more physically demanding career as a sculptor.[183]
Gores, LandisLandis Gores 1919–1991 An architect, Gores was struck with polio in 1951, which left him in a wheelchair. He went on to design several buildings in the area of New Canaan, Connecticut.[184]
Kahlo, FridaFrida Kahlo 1907–1954 A painter who was the subject of a 2002 movie starring Salma Hayek. She caught polio, aged six, and spent several months in bed. Kahlo was left with a deformed and shortened right leg.[185]
Lange, DorotheaDorothea Lange 1895–1965 A photographer and photojournalist most noted for her picture Migrant Mother. She caught polio, aged seven, and was left with a withered right lower leg and a limp. Lang said, "It was perhaps the most important thing that happened to me. It formed me, guided, instructed me, helped me, and humiliated me. All those things at once. I've never gotten over it and am aware of the force and power of it."[186][187]
LeClercq, TanaquilTanaquil LeClercq 1929–2000 Tanaquil LeClercq was a prima ballerina for the New York City Ballet. She was forced to give up dancing when she contracted polio in Copenhagen in 1956 and was paralysed from the waist down.[73][188]
Lewis, MaudMaud Lewis 1903–1970 Lewis caught polio as a child, which severely reduced her mobility; she could only raise her neck with great difficulty. Despite barely being able to hold a paintbrush, she became a well known Folk artist.[189]
Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, AntonyAntony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon born 1930 A photographer and documentary filmmaker, Snowdon caught polio at age 16. He was married to The Princess Margaret from 1960 to 1978, and established the Snowdon Award Scheme in 1981 to financially help disabled students.[190]
Nuttgens, PatrickPatrick Nuttgens 1930–2004 An architect and academic. At age 12 he caught polio, which paralysed him from the chest down. He remained in hospital for two years and thereafter required a back brace or surgical belt.[191]
Spear, RuskinRuskin Spear 1911–1990 Ruskin Spear, famous for his paintings of London, was disabled by polio as a child and attended Brook Green School for afflicted children; where he first displayed a talent for art. He became a successful painter and went on to teach at the Royal College of Art.[192]
Stevens, BrooksBrooks Stevens 1911–1995 An industrial designer. He caught polio, aged eight, and had difficulty walking for a time. He retained a limp and some stiffness. Some symptoms returned in old-age, causing him to require a wheelchair.[193]
Weston, HaroldHarold Weston 1894–1972 After a bout with polio in childhood, Weston graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University and became an influential modernist painter.[194]
Wyeth, HenrietteHenriette Wyeth 1907–1997 A portrait artist. She caught polio as a child, which crippled her right hand. She compensated by holding the paint brush between her first and second fingers.[195]

Miscellaneous

Despite polio-weakened legs, Sir John Slessor became one of Britain's finest airmen.
Name Life Comments
Eleanor Abbott A retired schoolteacher who caught polio in 1948. While in the hospital, she designed the game Candyland to entertain the children recuperating from polio.[196]
Fox, MatthewMatthew Fox born 1940 A former priest and theologian, Fox caught polio, aged 12, and spent nearly a year regaining the use of his legs.[197]
Gadamer, Hans-GeorgHans-Georg Gadamer 1900–2002 A German philosopher, Gadamer contracted polio in 1922; he was confined to bed and quarantined for several months, during which time he read extensively.[198]
Hamman, JohnJohn Hamman 1927–2000 A Marianist brother and professional magician, Br. Hamman contracted polio in 1952. During his two-year recuperation he focused on learning, practicing and inventing magic tricks, and after recuperation he continued to teach and perform from a wheelchair.[199]
Jackson, KatherineKatherine Jackson born 1930 The matriarch of the musical Jackson family, she had polio as a baby and walks with a slight limp.[200]
Nicholson, Edward MaxEdward Max Nicholson 1904–2003 Founder of the Nature Conservancy and the World Wildlife Fund, he contracted polio in 1952 while working in Baluchistan.[201] Nicholson was told by specialists that he would always be a cripple, however he was determined to walk again, and recovered with only a limp.[202]
Packer, Boyd K.Boyd K. Packer 1924-2015 An Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Packer contracted polio at age five.[203]
Parks, Lillian RogersLillian Rogers Parks 1897–1997 Parks was a maid at the White House for eight administrations (from William Howard Taft to Dwight D. Eisenhower). She was crippled due to an early bout with polio. In 1961 Parks wrote the bestselling memoir My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House.[204]
Robinson, Sir KenSir Ken Robinson born 1950 An author, speaker, and international advisor on education in the arts to government, non-profits, education, and arts bodies. Robinson has been a featured speaker at TED on the subject of education on two separate occasions. He contracted polio at age four.[205]
Skolnick, ShermanSherman Skolnick 1930–2006 Paralysed below the waist by polio since the age of six, Skolnick was a Chicago-based activist, conspiracy theorist and founder and chairman of the Citizens Committee to Clean Up the Courts.[206]
Slessor, Sir JohnSir John Slessor 1897–1979 A former Marshal of the Royal Air Force. He caught polio, aged three, and was left lame in both legs. He was told he was "totally unfit" for the army or navy but the flying corps did not "see why this boy shouldn't perfectly well be able to fly".[207][208]
Till, EmmettEmmett Till 1941–1955 Emmett Till was murdered on 28 August 1955 while on vacation in Mississippi. His death sparked an upsurge of activism and resistance that became known as the civil rights movement. A bout with polio at age five had left him with a persistent stutter.[209]
Winchell, PaulPaul Winchell 1922–2005 A ventriloquist and inventor, best known as the voice of Tigger. He caught polio, aged six, which affected his legs for a while.[210]
Youderian, RogerRoger Youderian 1924–1956 Youderian was a Christian missionary who worked in Ecuador with the head-shrinking Jivaro tribe and was later killed by Huaorani tribesmen.[211] He was crippled by polio at the age of nine, but recovered to play basketball in high school.[212]

Retrospective diagnosis

Sir Walter Scott may have had the earliest recorded case of polio.

The following people were not diagnosed with polio during their lifetime. A retrospective diagnosis is speculative and can never be certain.

Name Life Comments
, ClaudiusClaudius 10 BC – 54 AD Roman Emperor from 41 AD to his death. Historians have attributed his physical ailments to several causes. Robert Graves' Claudius novels made polio a popular choice, but some modern historians prefer cerebral palsy or some other affliction.[213]
Lane, Fitz HenryFitz Henry Lane 1804–1865 A painter, best known for his paintings of maritime and nautical subjects (formerly written about as Fitz Hugh Lane). Lane was afflicted with a disorder in childhood, once speculated as being polio, which left him with reduced mobility in his legs.[214] However the notion that polio was responsible for his childhood of reduced mobility has largely been discredited, for contemporary accounts cite that Lane's paralysis was due to "eating some seeds of the apple peru" (referring either to the common tomato or to the "peru-apple" also known as jimsonweed).[215]
Longworth, Alice RooseveltAlice Roosevelt Longworth 1884–1980 A child of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, and his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee. She wore leg braces as a child and it is believed this was due to polio.[216]
de Bourbon, Louis AugusteLouis Auguste de Bourbon 1670–1736 An illegitimate son of the French King Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. It is thought that Louis-Auguste contracted infantile paralysis (polio) at the age of three which left him with a slight limp.[73][217]
Mabini, ApolinarioApolinario Mabini 1864–1903 The first prime minister of the Republic of the Philippines, it is thought that Mabini contracted polio in 1896; he used a wheelchair for the rest of his life, and came to be known as the "Sublime Paralytic".[218]
Scott, Sir WalterSir Walter Scott 1771–1832 A historical novelist and poet. He caught a fever, aged 18 months, which temporarily paralysed his right leg. Scott was left lame due to his withered leg. At the time, polio was not known to medicine. The retrospective diagnosis of polio is considered to be strong due to the detailed account Scott made.[219][220]
, SiptahSiptah reigned 1197 BC – 1191 BC An Egyptian Pharaoh. Siptah's mummy has a deformed left leg, with the foot held vertically by a shortened Achilles tendon. Some historians point to polio as a cause, while others prefer a congenital defect such as cerebral palsy.[221]

Doubtful diagnosis

The following people may have had polio, but there is disagreement over it.

Franklin D. Roosevelt may have contracted polio in 1921.
Name Life Comments
Chrétien, JeanJean Chrétien born 1934 A former Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003), Chrétien has a distorted mouth and is deaf in one ear. His condition was possibly caused by Bell's palsy,[222] or a polio infection as a child.[223]
Goebbels, JosephJoseph Goebbels 1897–1945 A politician in Nazi Germany, one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and minister of propaganda. Biographies differ as to the cause of his "club foot", which almost certainly was not in fact congenital. Some mention a case of osteomyelitis at age seven, followed by an operation on his left thigh that left the leg three inches shorter than the right. Others attribute it to poliomyelitis at age four. Goebbels, on one occasion, is reported to have blamed a teenage accident.[224]
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882–1945 The 32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt is likely the most famous polio survivor. However, it has been suggested that some features of his illness could be more consistent with a diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome.[225] See Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness for more information.[226]

However, in 2016, it was concluded that Franklin D. Roosevelt did have poliomyelitis. The idea that he may have had Guillain–Barré syndrome was refuted by 3 doctors from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. They concluded, "...we find no reason to question the diagnostic accuracy of poliomyelitis and wish to put this debate to rest."[227]

Shostakovich, DmitriDmitri Shostakovich 1906–1975 A composer who began to suffer weakness in his right hand in 1958. He was diagnosed with a rare form of polio in 1965, though some contest this diagnosis.[228]

Mistakenly believed to have survived polio

William O. Douglas claimed to have had polio as a child.

The following people are often reported to have had polio, but their own statements or other evidence contradict this.

Name Life Comments
Daley, BudBud Daley born 1932 A Major League Baseball pitcher. Commonly reported to be a right-hander who had to learn to play southpaw after an attack of polio in childhood left his right arm weakened and shortened. Daley instead asserts that his right arm and shoulder were damaged at birth when forceps pinched a nerve. A combination of massage and exercises helped restore his limb to health.[229]
Douglas, William O.William O. Douglas 1898–1980 A United States Supreme Court Associate Justice for thirty-six years. His various memoirs claim that he nearly died from polio shortly before his second birthday. In the book Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas, biographer Bruce Allen Murphy argues that it could not have been polio and that this was one of several legends Douglas fabricated.[230]
Kellerman, AnnetteAnnette Kellerman 1887–1975 A swimmer and actress. She is often said to have taken up swimming to strengthen her legs after they were weakened by childhood polio.[231] It was, instead, rickets that caused weakness and bowing and which meant she had to wear leg braces until the age of seven. Kellerman's biography mentions polio on two occasions. Kellerman met President Roosevelt and devised some exercises for him. She also advised Sister Elizabeth Kenny, who became famous for her controversial but popular method of treating polio.[232]
Thaw, JohnJohn Thaw 1942–2002 An actor best known as Inspector Morse. While it is often speculated that Thaw's characteristic limp was from polio, in truth, the limp originated in childhood, when he would copy his grandfather's limp. A car accident later exaggerated the limp.[233]

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Alexander L, Watkins M, Alexander J (2005–2006). "Yellow Book, Chapter 4, Poliomyelitis". CDC. Retrieved 2007-05-22. (Public domain text, used with permission and thanks.)
  2. ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S eds. (2007). "Chapter 8. Poliomyelitis". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. (PDF) (10th ed.). Public Health Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  3. 1 2 "Memories of polio and those who wrestled with it". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2004-12-07. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  4. ↑ Alan Alda (2004-12-02). "Tavis Smiley". PBS (Interview). Interview with Tavis Smiley. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  5. ↑ Langdon, Nick. "Marion Davies". Decofilms.com. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  6. ↑ Erickson, Hal. "Biography: James Drury". Allmovie. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  7. ↑ Mia Farrow (January 2007). "Mia Farrow uses her star power to shine a light on the fight against polio". Rotary International (Interview). Interview with Vince Aversano. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  8. ↑ Lyon C, Vinson J (1986). The International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. St. James Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-912289-08-2.
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  10. ↑ Vallance, Tom (2006-10-23). "Obituary: Phyllis Kirk: Heroine of 'House of Wax'". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  11. ↑ Goerke, Thomas M. "Chronology – The life of Hildegard Knef 1925 – 1949". Hildegard Knef Homepage. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
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  15. ↑ Jacobs, Andrew (2005-04-13). "Mob gofer, actor and now a crooner". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
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  24. ↑ Andrew McIntosh (2003). "Garth H. Drabinsky". Canadian Film Encyclopedia. Film Reference Library. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
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  26. ↑ "Mars Family". Practically Edible. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
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  29. ↑ "Dennis R. Washington—Biography". Washington Corporations. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  30. ↑ Dart, Mari Carlin (2002-06-22). "The Resurrection of Justin Dart, Jr.: A Quest for Truth and Love". Ability Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  31. ↑ "Local Activist Remembered" (PDF). Manitoba Human Rights Connections: Newsletter. June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  32. ↑ Schulz, Richard (2006). The Encyclopedia of Aging. Springer Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 0-8261-4843-3.
  33. ↑ "Judith E. Heumann". The Chelsea Forum Inc. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  34. ↑ Roberts, Ed. "Highlights from speeches by Ed Roberts". World Institute on Disability. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  35. ↑ Ward, Linda (14 July 2005). "Herbert William Massie CBE - Doctor of Laws". Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  36. ↑ "Case Studies: Ade's story". Association of Wheelchair Children. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  37. ↑ "A Golden Globe for local boy Ash". Farnborough News & Mail. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  38. ↑ Rowan, David (2004-02-11). "Interview: Ash Atalla, producer, The Office". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  39. ↑ Phillips, Gene D (2004). Godfather: The Intimate Francis Ford Coppola. University Press of Kentucky. p. 307. ISBN 0-8131-2304-6.
  40. ↑ "Alex Cord". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  41. ↑ "The Good-Luck Kick". TIME Magazine. 1954-08-16. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  42. ↑ "Joe Dante Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
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  44. ↑ Etheridge, Bruce. "TV host shows disability not an obstacle to success". University of Toronto. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
  45. ↑ "John Andrew Prime, "Don Owen, news veteran, former PSC member, dies", June 17, 2012". Shreveport Times. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
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  47. ↑ Geffner, David (July 1998). "Interviews with 14 of the World's Greatest Cinematographers". MovieMaker Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  48. ↑ Anita, Srikameswaran (2005-04-10). "Polio's touch etched in time". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
  49. ↑ Hattenstone, Simon (2003-03-31). "What drives me? Money". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
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