List of state leaders in 1865

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1865.

Africa

• Ashanti Confederacy – Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
• Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
• Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
• Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
• Ethiopian Empire – Tewodros II (1855–1868)
• Kingdom of Lesotho – Moshoeshoe I (1822–1870)
• Liberia – Daniel Bashiel Warner, President of Liberia (1864–1868)
• Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph – Ahmad bin Atiku, Sokoto Caliph (1859–1866)
  • Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c.1874)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar – Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1856–1870)
• Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)

Asia

• Emirate of Afghanistan – Sher Ali Khan (1863–1866)
• China (Qing dynasty) - Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875)
• Empire of Japan
  • Monarch – Kōmei (1846–1867)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)
  • Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848-11 March 1879)
• Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
• Sultanate of Oman – Thuwaini bin Said (1856–1866)
• Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)

Europe

• Belgium
  • Monarch -
    1. Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
    2. Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
  • Cabinet Chief - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Kingdom of Denmark
  • Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
  • Prime Minister –
    1. Christian Albrecht Bluhme (1864–1865)
    2. Christian Emil (1865–1870)
• Second French Empire – Napoleon III (1852–1870)
• German Confederation – Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866)
  • Austrian Empire – Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
  • Kingdom of Bavaria – Ludwig II (1864–1886)
  • Hamburg – Friedrich Sieveking, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1861–1862; 1865; and again 1868)
  • Kingdom of Hanover – George (1851–1866)
  • Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
    • Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Victor de Tornaco (1860–1867)
  • Kingdom of Prussia –
    • Monarch – Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
    • Minister President - Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
  • Kingdom of Saxony – Johann (1854–1873)
  • Kingdom of Württemberg – Karl (1864–1891)
• Kingdom of Greece –
  • Monarch – George I (1863–1913)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Konstantinos Kanaris (1864–1865)
    2. Benizelos Rouphos (1865)
    3. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1865)
    4. Epameinondas Deligiorgis (1865)
    5. Dimitrios Voulgaris (1865)
    6. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1865)
    7. Epameinondas Deligiorgis (1865)
    8. Benizelos Rouphos (1865–1866)
• Papal States – Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
• Kingdom of Hungary – Franz Joseph I of Austria (1848–1916)
• Kingdom of Italy –
  • Monarch – Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister - Marchese di La Marmora (1864–1866)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers - Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (1849–1853, 1862–1866, 1871–1872)
• Sweden–Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan – Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier – Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha (1863–1866)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
  • Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
  • President of the Council of Ministers -
    1. Duke of Loulé (1862–1865)
    2. Joaquim António de Aguiar (1865–1868)
• United Principalities (Romania) – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866)
• Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
• Kingdom of Spain – Isabella II (1833–1868)
• Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1859–1865)
    2. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1865–1866)

Middle East and North Africa

• Abu Dhabi – Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
• Egypt Eyalet – Isma'il, Governor (1863–1867)
• Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)

North America

• Province of Canada
  • Governor: The Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon (1861–1867)
  • Joint Premiers:
    1. Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché and Sir John A. Macdonald, Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (1864–1865)
    2. Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau, Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (1865–1867)
• Confederate States of America – Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
• Costa Rica – Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President of Costa Rica (1863–1866)
• Honduras – José María Medina, President of Honduras (1863–1872)
• Second Mexican Empire: Maximilian I (1864–1867)
• United States of America
  1. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States (1861–1865)
  2. Andrew Johnson, President of the United States (1865–1869)

Oceania

• Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha V (1863–1872)
• Mangareva – Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
• Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
• Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)

South America

• Argentina – Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina (1862–1868)
• Empire of Brazil –
  • Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
  • Prime Minister –
    1. Francisco José Furtado, President of the cabinet of ministers (1864–1865)
    2. Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda, President of the cabinet of ministers (1865–1866)
• Chile – José Joaquín Pérez, President of Chile (1861–1871)
• Ecuador –
  1. Gabriel García Moreno, President of Ecuador (1859–1865)
  2. Jerónimo Carrión, President of Ecuador (1865–1867)
• Uruguay –
  1. Atanasio Aguirre, President of Uruguay (1864–1865)
  2. Tomás Villalba, President of Uruguay (1865)
  3. Venancio Flores, President of Uruguay (1865–1868)