MD4

MD4
General
Designers	Ronald Rivest
First published	October 1990^[1]
Series	MD2, MD4, MD5, MD6
Cipher detail
Digest sizes	128 bits
Block sizes	512 bits
Rounds	3
Best public cryptanalysis
A collision attack published in 2007 can find collisions for full MD4 in less than 2 hash operations.^[2]

The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1990.^[3] The digest length is 128 bits. The algorithm has influenced later designs, such as the MD5, SHA-1 and RIPEMD algorithms.

One MD4 operation : MD4 consists of 48 of these operations, grouped in three rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. M_i denotes a 32-bit block of the message input, and K_i denotes a 32-bit constant, different for each operation.

The security of MD4 has been severely compromised. The first full collision attack against MD4 was published in 1995 and several newer attacks have been published since then. As of 2007, an attack can generate collisions in less than 2 MD4 hash operations.^[2] A theoretical preimage attack also exists.

A variant of MD4 is used in the ed2k URI scheme to provide a unique identifier for a file in the popular eDonkey2000 / eMule P2P networks. MD4 was also used by the rsync protocol (prior to version 3.0.0.)

MD4 is used to compute NTLM password-derived key digests on Microsoft Windows NT, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.^[4]

Security

Weaknesses in MD4 were demonstrated by Den Boer and Bosselaers in a paper published in 1991.^[5] The first full-round MD4 collision attack was found by Hans Dobbertin in 1995, which took only seconds to carry out at that time.^[6] In August 2004, Wang et al. found a very efficient collision attack, alongside attacks on later hash function designs in the MD4/MD5/SHA-1/RIPEMD family. This result was improved later by Sasaki et al., and generating a collision is now as cheap as verifying it (a few microseconds).^[2]

In 2008, the preimage resistance of MD4 was also broken by Gaëtan Leurent, with a 2¹⁰² attack.^[7] In 2011, RFC 6150 stated that RFC 1320 (MD4) is historic (obsolete).

MD4 hashes

The 128-bit (16-byte) MD4 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD4 hash:

MD4("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
= 1bee69a46ba811185c194762abaeae90

Even a small change in the message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to c:

MD4("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog")
= b86e130ce7028da59e672d56ad0113df

The hash of the zero-length string is:

MD4("") = 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0

MD4 test vectors

The following test vectors are defined in RFC 1320 (The MD4 Message-Digest Algorithm)

MD4 ("") = 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
MD4 ("a") = bde52cb31de33e46245e05fbdbd6fb24
MD4 ("abc") = a448017aaf21d8525fc10ae87aa6729d
MD4 ("message digest") = d9130a8164549fe818874806e1c7014b
MD4 ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz") = d79e1c308aa5bbcdeea8ed63df412da9
MD4 ("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789") = 043f8582f241db351ce627e153e7f0e4
MD4 ("12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890") = e33b4ddc9c38f2199c3e7b164fcc0536

MD4 collision example

Let:

 k1 = 839c7a4d7a92cb5678a5d5b9eea5a7573c8a74deb366c3dc20a083b69f5d2a3bb3719dc69891e9f95e809fd7e8b23ba6318edd45e51fe39708bf9427e9c3e8b9
 k2 = 839c7a4d7a92cbd678a5d529eea5a7573c8a74deb366c3dc20a083b69f5d2a3bb3719dc69891e9f95e809fd7e8b23ba6318edc45e51fe39708bf9427e9c3e8b9

k1 ≠ k2, but MD4(k1) = MD4(k2) = 4d7e6a1defa93d2dde05b45d864c429b

Note that two hex-digits of k1 and k2 define one byte of the input string, whose length is 64 bytes .

References

Bert den Boer, Antoon Bosselaers: An Attack on the Last Two Rounds of MD4. Crypto 1991: 194–203
Hans Dobbertin: Cryptanalysis of MD4. Fast Software Encryption 1996: 53–69
Hans Dobbertin, 1998. Cryptanalysis of MD4. J. Cryptology 11(4): 253–271
Xiaoyun Wang, Xuejia Lai, Dengguo Feng, Hui Chen, Xiuyuan Yu: Cryptanalysis of the Hash Functions MD4 and RIPEMD. Eurocrypt 2005: 1–18
Yu Sasaki, Lei Wang, Kazuo Ohta, Noboru Kunihiro: New Message Difference for MD4. Fast Software Encryption 2007: 329–348

↑ "The MD4 Message Digest Algorithm". Network Working Group. October 1990. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
1 2 3 Yu Sasaki; et al. (2007). "New message difference for MD4" (PDF).
↑ "What are MD2, MD4, and MD5?". Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS): PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard: 3.6 Other Cryptographic Techniques: 3.6.6 What are MD2, MD4, and MD5?. RSA Laboratories. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
↑ "5.1 Security Considerations for Implementors". Retrieved 2011-07-21. Deriving a key from a password is as specified in [RFC1320] and [FIPS46-2].
↑ Bert den Boer, Antoon Bosselaers (1991). "An Attack on the Last Two Rounds of MD4" (PDF).
↑ Hans Dobbertin (1995-10-23). "Cryptanalysis of MD4".
↑ Gaëtan Leurent (2008-02-10). "MD4 is Not One-Way" (PDF). FSE 2008.

External links

RFC 1320 - Description of MD4 by Ron Rivest
RFC 6150 - MD4 to Historic Status
MD4 Online Calculator
Rivest, Ronald (1991). "The MD4 Message Digest Algorithm". Advances in Cryptology-CRYPT0’ 90. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/3-540-38424-3_22.

Collision attacks

Cryptographic hash functions & message authentication codes

List Comparison Known attacks

Common functions	MD5 SHA-1 SHA-2 SHA-3 BLAKE2

SHA-3 finalists	BLAKE Grøstl JH Skein Keccak (winner)

Other functions	ECOH FSB GOST HAS-160 HAVAL Kupyna LM hash MD2 MD4 MD5 MD6 MDC-2 N-Hash RIPEMD RadioGatún SWIFFT SipHash Snefru Streebog Tiger VSH WHIRLPOOL

Key derivation functions	bcrypt crypt PBKDF2 scrypt Argon2 Lyra2

MAC functions	DAA CBC-MAC HMAC OMAC/CMAC PMAC VMAC UMAC Poly1305

Authenticated encryption modes	CCM CWC EAX GCM IAPM OCB

Attacks	Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack

Design	Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction

Standardization	CRYPTREC NESSIE NIST hash function competition

Utilization	Hash-based cryptography Key stretching Merkle tree Message authentication Proof of work Salt

Cryptography

History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography

Symmetric-key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public-key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography

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MD4