Majdal Shams

Majdal Shams مجدل شمس מג'דל שמס
Majdal Shams
Majdal Shams
Coordinates: 33°16′N 35°46′E / 33.267°N 35.767°E / 33.267; 35.767Coordinates: 33°16′N 35°46′E / 33.267°N 35.767°E / 33.267; 35.767
Country	Golan Heights, (Internationally recognized as Syrian territory occupied by Israel)
Israeli District	Northern District
Israeli Subdistrict	Golan
Syrian Governorate	Quneitra Governorate
Syrian District	Quneitra District
Elevation	1,130 m (3,710 ft)
Population (2015)[1]
• Total	10,643
Website	http://www.majdal.co.il/
Founded either at the end of the 16th, or during the 18th century[2][3]

Majdal Shams (Arabic: مجدل شمس.‎‎; Hebrew: מַגְ'דַל שַׁמְס‎) is a Druze town in the southern foothills of Mt. Hermon, north of the Golan Heights. The majority of residents are of Syrian-Druze origin. Since the June 1967 Six-Day War, the village has been controlled by Israel,^[4] first under martial law, but since the adoption of the 1981 Golan Heights Law under Israeli civil law, and incorporated into the Israeli system of local councils.

Majdal Shams is the largest of the four remaining Druze-Syrian communities on the Israeli-occupied side of Mount Hermon and the Golan Heights, together with Ein Qiniyye, Mas'ade and Buq'ata. Geologically and geographically a distinction is made between the Golan Heights and Mount Hermon, the boundary being marked by the Sa'ar Stream; however, administratively usually they are being lumped together. Majdal Shams and Ein Qiniyye are on the Hermon side of the boundary, thus sitting on limestone, while Buq'ata and Mas'ade are on the Golan side, characterised by black volcanic rock (basalt).

Etymology

The name Majdal Shams is of Aramaic origin, meaning: "tower of sun," possibly in reference to the town's elevation.^[5] Another hypothesis suggests that the town was originally called Majdal al-Sham (Majdal of Damascus) to distinguish it from the towns of al-Majdal on the Mediterranean coast and al-Majdal on the Sea of Galilee.^[6]

History

Ottoman era

According to one version, Majdal Shams was established in 1595 by Druze warlord Fakhr-al-Din II, in order to strengthen Druze presence in the Hermon mount. Another version says that the Druze families began to settle on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon in the early 18th century.^[2] By the late 19th century, Majdal Shams was an important regional center and home of the local Ottoman administrator (Mudir).^[7] In times of strife, residents of the surrounding villages travelled to Majdal Shams for safety because of the village's elevation and proximity to a major water source at Birkat Ram. During the winter of 1895, for example, Druze residents of neighboring communities sheltered in Majdal Shams during a local conflict between irregular Druze and Circassian militias.^[8]

In the late 19th century, Americans and Europeans began visiting Majdal Shams. In 1870, missionaries associated with the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America opened a school and church in the town. The mission school operated until 1885, when it was closed by Turkish authorities.^[9] Majdal Shams also attracted foreign geologists such as William Libbey because of the town's proximity to an exposed strata of Jurassic-era fossils.^[10] Fossils excavated at Majdal Shams were acquired by the American University of Beirut and Harvard University.^[11]

Some travelers wrote vivid descriptions of Majdal Shams. Herbert Rix visited the town around 1907, and commented that "The whole place swarms with children, and many of them are so pretty that the traveller is at first greatly attracted to them."^[12] James Kean, who wrote about the town in the 1890s, described Majdal Shams as a "remarkable village" and noted that it was "famous for the manufacture of steel blades."^[13] Workshops in Majdal Shams continued to make souvenir daggers for European tourists until the 1950s.^[14]

French Mandate and Independent Syria

Majdal Shams in winter

Majdal Shams played a significant role in the Great Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927. In October 1925, a few months after Syrian Druze had begun fighting French forces in the nearby province of Jabal al-Duruz, a group of the town's Druze residents looted local Christian property. Mandate authorities sent troops to restore order, and community leaders contacted the central command of the revolt for assistance defending the town against the French.^[15] In response, rebel leader Zaid al-Atrash (brother of Sultan al-Atrash) led a force of 1,000 men to Majdal Shams. Zaid al-Atrash drove French troops from the area and established a rebel garrison in Majdal Shams to guard the road between Damascus and Marjayoun.^[16] The garrison housed up to 10,000 rebels until April 1926, when French forces launched a renewed attack on the town. During the assault, French soldiers destroyed much of Majdal Shams and killed approximately 80 residents of the town.^[17]

Beginning in the 1930s, Majdal Shams residents and community leaders became involved in political developments in nearby Mandatory Palestine. During the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, traditional leader Assad Kanj Abu Salah proposed forming a local militia to assist the rebels. The plan did not come to fruition; according to conflicting accounts, the militia never formed, or engaged in only a single symbolic attack on the Syria-Palestine border.^[18] During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Abu Salah's son Sultan formed a militia of 300 local men. The militia offered to serve as paid mercenaries for Zionist forces, but later volunteered with Palestinian and Arab forces.^[19]

Majdal Shams was integrated into economic networks that extended into Lebanon and other parts of Syria. The town traded local grapes for olives grown in Fiq, 50 kilometers to the south.^[20] Men from Majdal Shams harvested cedar wood in Lebanon, which they manufactured into plows and sold in as-Suwayda.^[21] In the 1950s, some local residents travelled to Lebanon to work in construction.^[22]

Residents of Majdal Shams received access to Syrian state services. By the 1960s, there was a public elementary school in Majdal Shams. Residents attended the regional high school and registered marriages at the court in Quneitra.^[23] These institutions served to integrate the community into the broader region and state.

Israeli occupation

A UNDOF Toyota Land Cruiser parked off Highway 98 near Majdal Shams, displaying UNDOF plates and a UN flag, January 2012

The barrier between the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights and Syrian controlled territory

Since the June 1967 Six-Day War, Majdal Shams has been under Israeli control.^[4]

During the 1967 Six Day War, residents of the nearby towns of Ain Fit, Banias, Jubata ez-Zeit, and Za'ura took shelter in Majdal Shams. After Israeli forces had secured the area, soldiers forced refugees across the ceasefire line into Syrian controlled territory, but permitted residents of Majdal Shams and a few other communities to remain in their homes.^[24] As Israel and Syria fortified the ceasefire line, which ran along the eastern edge of Majdal Shams, the community was isolated from the rest of Syria. Many residents were separated from their relatives living or working in Syrian-controlled territory—as many as 50% from at least one sibling, parent, or child.^[25]

During the 1970s, the Israeli government actively worked to integrate Majdal Shams into Israel. The state opened a public elementary school in Majdal Shams and a public secondary school in the nearby town of Mas'ade.^[26] These schools originally used curricula developed for Arab citizens of Israel, and later adopted curricula designed specifically for Druze children.^[27] Israeli authorities confiscated large amounts of private and communal land for military use and earmarked a disproportionate percentage of local water resources for Israeli settlements.^[28] As a result, many residents who had previously worked in agriculture were forced to seek employment with Israeli companies, often in construction.^[22]

Majdal Shams retained close ties to Syria. Residents frequently gathered at the eastern edge of the village with bullhorns to shout messages to friends and relatives on the Syrian side of the ceasefire line.^[29] Through the 1970s, and often later, many households refused to pay taxes to the state of Israel.^[30] In 1981,when the Israeli Knesset formally annexed the Golan Heights and extended Israeli citizenship to residents of Majdal Shams, the community staged a 19-week general strike in protest. Although Israeli troops blockaded the town and attempted to force residents to accept citizen identification cards, the protesters succeeded in convincing the state to classify members of the community as non-citizens. Residents retained the right to apply for Israeli citizenship individually.^[31]

During the 1970s, a few residents of Majdal Shams received permission to cross the ceasefire line into Syrian-controlled territory, either to rejoin relatives or attend university in Damascus.^[32] During the 1990s, large numbers of residents began to receive permission to cross the ceasefire line to conduct religious pilgrimages or attend university. A small number of women also applied to cross the ceasefire line and marry Syrian men.^[33] This crossing program was the subject of the film The Syrian Bride.

Geography

Climate

Majdal Shams has a Mediterranean climate, with an average annual precipitation of 817 millimetres (32.2 in). Summers are warm and dry and winters are chilly and wetter, with the possibility of snowfall. This climate is described by the Köppen climate classification as Csa.

Demography

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Majdal Shams's population was 10,643 in 2015. The population growth rate is 2.5%. The ratio between men and women is 951 women for every 1,000 men. Most of the town's residents are Druze, but a few Christians remain of a much larger community that left the town in the 1940s and 1950s.^[35]

The inhabitants of Majdal Shams are considered Syrian citizens by the Syrian authorities. Since 1981 they have also been considered permanent residents of Israel. While they are entitled to full Israeli citizenship, as of 2011 only 10 percent of the Golan Druze have opted to become Israeli citizens.^[36] Those who apply for Israeli citizenship are entitled to vote, run for Knesset and receive an Israeli passport. For foreign travel, non-citizens are issued a laissez passer by the Israeli authorities. As Israel does not recognize their Syrian citizenship, they are defined in Israeli records as "residents of the Golan Heights." Residents of Majdal Shams are not drafted by the Israel Defense Forces.^[37] For more about the status and position of the Golan Heights Druze community see here.

As permanent residents, Majdal Shams inhabitants are free to work and study in Israel and are entitled to state services such Kupat Holim health insurance. They are also free to move at will and live anywhere they choose in Israel.^[36]

Nevertheless, many have kept up their contacts with Syria and travel there to visit family or study. Damascus University is open to them free of charge.^[36]

Economy

Golan Heights cherries

The town is surrounded by apple and cherry orchards.^[4] Local tourism is a major source of income.^[38]

Landmarks

One kilometer east of the town center is Shouting Hill, where residents used to line up with bullhorns to make small-talk with relatives on the Syrian controlled side before the advent of cellphones.^[36]

Culture

Majdal Shams has a thriving arts scene. Local bands like Toot Ard^[39] and Hawa Dafi have toured internationally. Local visual artists are supported by the Fateh Mudarris Center for Arts and Culture^[40]

Majdal Shams was featured in the award-winning film, The Syrian Bride (2004).

The town is home to several non-governmental organizations, including Golan for the Development of the Arab Villages.^[41] and Al-Marsad: Arab Human Rights Center in Golan Heights.^[42]

See also

Media related to Majdal Shams at Wikimedia Commons

References

Northern District of Israel
Cities	Acre Afula Beit She'an Karmiel Kiryat Shmona Ma'alot-Tarshiha Migdal HaEmek Nahariya Nazareth Nazareth Illit Safed Sakhnin Shefa-'Amr Tamra Tiberias Yokneam
Local councils	Abu Snan Arraba Basmat Tab'un Beit Jann Bi'ina Bir al-Maksur Bu'eine Nujeidat Buq'ata Daburiyya Deir al-Asad Deir Hanna Eilabun Ein Qiniyye Ein Mahil Fassuta Ghajar Hurfeish Hatzor HaGlilit I'billin Iksal Ilut Jadeidi-Makr Jish Julis Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre Kabul Kafr Kanna Kafr Manda Kafr Yasif Kaukab Abu al-Hija Katzrin Kfar Kama Kfar Tavor Kfar Vradim Kisra-Sumei Maghar Majd al-Krum Majdal Shams Mas'ade Mashhad Mazra'a Metula Migdal Mi'ilya Nahf Peki'in Ramat Yishai Rameh Reineh Rosh Pinna Sajur Sha'ab Shlomi Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam Tuba-Zangariyye Tur'an Yafa an-Naseriyye Yanuh-Jat Yarka Yavne'el Yesud HaMa'ala Zarzir
Regional councils	Al-Batuf Beit She'an Valley Bustan al-Marj Northern Jordan Valley (Emek HaYarden) Gilboa Golan Jezreel Valley Lower Galilee Ma'ale Yosef Mateh Asher Megiddo Merom HaGalil Mevo'ot HaHermon Misgav Upper Galilee

Quneitra Governorate
Quneitra District	Quneitra Bariqa Beer Ajam Hader Khan Arnabah Kirkis Jabah Jubata al-Khashab Madinat al-Baath Masharah Naba al-Sakher al-Qahtaniyah al-Qusaybah al-Rafid al-Suwaysah Umm Batinah
Fiq District	Sayda
Syrian localities in Israeli-occupied Golan Heights	Buq'ata Ein Qiniyye Ghajar Majdal Shams Mas'ade
Depopulated villages	Al-Ahmadiyah al-‘Al Almin Ain Fit Ain Hamra Ain Ziwan al-Birah al-Butayha Dabburah Dalwa Dayr Aziz Dayr Siras al-Eshshah Fiq Hafar Hatal Jabbin Jawziah Jubata ez-Zeit Kafr Harib Kafr al-Ma Kafr Naffakh Khisfin Khishniyah Khokhah Mumsiyah Qarahta Razzaniyah Saffuriyah Shayta al-Sindiyanah Skufiyah al-Summaqah Umm al-Dananir