Marcos Pérez Jiménez
| Marcos Pérez Jiménez | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of Venezuela | |
|
In office 19 April 1953 – 23 January 1958 | |
| Preceded by | Himself as "Provisional President" |
| Succeeded by | Wolfgang Larrazábal |
| Provisional President of Venezuela | |
|
In office 2 December 1952 – 19 April 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Germán Suárez Flamerich |
| Succeeded by | Himself as "President" proper |
| 30th Commander-in-Chief of the Venezuelan Army | |
|
In office November 1948 – August 1954 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos Delgado Chalbaud |
| Succeeded by | Hugo Fuentes |
| Minister of Defense | |
|
In office 18 October 1948 – 1 January 1952 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos Delgado Chalbaud |
| Succeeded by | Jesús M. Castro León |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez 25 April 1914 Táchira, Venezuela |
| Died |
20 September 2001 (aged 87) Alcobendas, Spain |
| Nationality | Venezuelan |
| Spouse(s) | Flor María Chalbaud Cardona |
| Children | 5 daughters |
| Alma mater | Military academy of Venezuela |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Military officer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |
 |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
 Venezuela |
| Service/branch | Venezuelan Army |
| Years of service | 1931–1958 |
| Rank |
 Divisional General |
| Battles/wars | none |
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (25 April 1914 – 20 September 2001) was a Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela and the President of Venezuela from 1952 to 1958.
His ruling period is characterized by marked improvement in development, with the rise of oil prices facilitating many public works achievements. Political and economic stability, along with the completion of ambitious public works and the rapid development of industries such as hydroelectricity, mining, and steel. He instituted programs to eradicate many of Venezuela's rapidly growing slums, commissioning public housing projects to improve the living conditions of the poor. In addition, he built the Central University of Venezuela, at the time, the largest in Latin America. Pérez Jiménez was also responsible for the modernization of the military and the nation enjoyed a period of high prosperity and social tranquility. On the debit side, however, he presided over one of the most repressive governments in Latin America. His government's National Security (Seguridad Nacional, secret police) was extremely repressive against critics and ruthlessly hunted down and imprisoned those who opposed his rule.
Following massive public demonstrations in support for a democratic reform to take place in the government, Perez was deposed in a coup perpetrated by disgruntled sectors within the Armed Forces of Venezuela on 23 January 1958. Perez was then exiled to Dominican Republic, later Miami, United States and afterwards went on to settle in Spain under the Franco regime's protection.
Early life, education and early career
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez was born in Michelena, Táchira State. His father, Juan Pérez Bustamante, was a farmer; his mother, Adela Jiménez, a schoolteacher. Pérez Jiménez attended school in his home town and in Colombia, and in 1934, he graduated from the Military academy of Venezuela, at the top of his class. He subsequently studied at Chorrillos Military School in Peru.
In 1945, Pérez Jiménez participated in a coup that helped install Democratic Action party founder, Rómulo Betancourt, as President of the Revolutionary Government Junta. The government would later become known as El Trienio Adeco. After a constitutional change providing universal suffrage, elections were held in 1947 which resulted in the election of party member, Romulo Gallegos.
1948 coup d'etat
Fears of cuts in pay for soldiers and a lack of modernized army equipment led Pérez Jiménez and Lt. Colonel Carlos Delgado Chalbaud to stage another coup in 1948. Betancourt and Gallegos were exiled, political parties were suppressed, and the Communist Party was once again banished by the Military Junta headed by Delgado Chalbaud, Luis Felipe Llovera Páez and Pérez Jiménez.
After a clumsily arranged kidnapping that ended in the murder of Delgado Chalbaud, the Military Junta changed its name to a Government Junta, and reorganized itself with Pérez Jiménez pulling the strings of puppet President, Germán Suárez Flamerich.
Presidency
The junta called an election for 1952. When early results showed that the opposition was ahead and would win, the junta suspended the election and made Pérez provisional president on 2 December 1952. He became president on 19 April 1953. Soon afterward, he enacted a constitution that gave him dictatorial powers.
Pérez Jiménez (widely known as "P.J.") changed the name of the country, which had been "United States of Venezuela" since 1864, to the "Republic of Venezuela". This name remained until 1999, when it was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by a Constitutional referendum. (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela.)
During his government, Pérez Jiménez undertook many infrastructure projects, including construction of roads, bridges, government buildings, large public housing complexes and the symbolic Humboldt Hotel & Tramway overlooking Caracas. The economy of Venezuela developed rapidly during his term. The price for this development was high, however. Pérez was not tolerant of criticism, and his government ruthlessly pursued and suppressed the opposition. Opponents of his regime were painted as communists[1] and often treated brutally.[2] While Pérez was president of Venezuela, the government of the United States awarded him the U.S. Legion of Merit. Foreign capital and immigration were also highly promoted during his presidency, especially from European communities such as those of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese origin. Perez also pushed for vast and ambitious infrastructure programs, based on the policy of reinforced concrete, with construction of buildings, large and modern highways, which linked and renewed ties between states and other major works which greatly modernized the country.
Pérez Jiménez was up for reelection in 1957. By this time, the opposition had been so cowed that Pérez Jiménez could not possibly have been defeated. However, he dispensed with even those formalities. Instead, he held a plebiscite in which voters could only choose between voting "yes" or "no" to another term for the president. Predictably, Pérez Jiménez won by a large margin, though by all accounts the count was blatantly rigged.
Cabinet (1952–1958)
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Post-Presidency
In January 1958, there was a general uprising and, with rioting in the streets, Pérez left the country, paving the way for the establishment of the Fourth Republic of Venezuela. He moved to the United States, where he lived until 1963, when he was extradited to Venezuela on charges of embezzling $200 million during his presidential tenure. The 1959–63 extradition of Perez, related to Financiadora Administradora Inmobiliaria, S.A., one of the largest development companies in South America, and other business connections, is considered by academicians to be a classic study in the precedent for enforcement of administrative honesty in Latin American countries.[4]
Upon arrival in Venezuela he was imprisoned until his trial, which did not take place for another five years. Convicted of the charges, his sentence was commuted as he had already spent more time in jail while he awaited trial. He was then exiled to Spain. In 1968, he was elected to the Senate of Venezuela for the Nationalist Civic Crusade, but his election was contested, and he was kept from taking office. A quick law was passed whereby former prisoners were excluded from participating in the governmental process.
He died in Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain, at the age of 87 on 20 September 2001.
Legacy
The period of Pérez Jiménez in power is remembered historically as a government of nationalist roots. His government was based on an ideological pragmatism characterized by the Doctrine of National Well, that the regime expressed in the New National Ideal would be the philosophical beacon to guide the actions of the government.
His political legacy known perezjimenismo was upheld by the Cruzada Cívica Nacionalista (CCN; Nationalist Civic Crusade) party, which held seats in Congress from 1968 to 1978. In recent years there has been a revival of perezjimenismo and the New National Ideal, with numerous groups revising and upholding the legacy of Marcos Pérez Jiménez.[5][6]
Personal life
Pérez had four daughters with his wife, Flor Chalbaud.[7] He also has a daughter with Marita Lorenz - her patrimony suit delayed his extradition from the United States.
Flor María Chalbaud Cardona
See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marcos Pérez Jiménez. |
References
- ↑ Adolf A. Berle, Jr., "Latin America: The Hidden Revolution," Reporter, 28 May 1959.
- ↑ Time, 23 August 1963, as cited in John Gunther, Inside South America, p. 492-493
- ↑ Mendoza & Mendoza Editores (1956). Presidency of Venezuela. "Así progresa un pueblo."
- ↑ "The Extradition of Marcos Perez Jimenez, 1959–63: Practical Precedent for Administrative Honesty?", Judith Ewell, Journal of Latin American Studies, 9, 2, 291–313,
- ↑ Nacionalismo Perezjimenista
- ↑ Grupo Perezjimenista: "Hay complicidad entre MUD y Psuv"
- ↑ "Benevolent Dictator Finally Loses Post". The Wilmington News. 24 (9). Wilmington, North Carolina. AP. 23 January 1958. p. 26. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
External links
- (Spanish) Marcos Pérez Jiménez – Official biography.
- (Spanish) Marcos Pérez Jiménez
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Germán Suárez Flamerich |
President of Venezuela 1952–1958 |
Succeeded by Wolfgang Larrazábal |
| Since 1830 |
|  |
|---|---|---|
Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics | ||