Micrurus tener
| Micrurus tener | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | Micrurus |
| Species: | M. tener |
| Binomial name | |
| Micrurus tener (Baird & Girard, 1853) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Micrurus tener is a species of venomous elapid snake. It is a relatively common and widespread snake found in the Southern United States and northeastern and central Mexico. There are four subspecies; the nominal subspecies found in both the US and Mexico is commonly known as the Texas coral snake.[1][2]
Geographic range
M. tener ranges from the southern United States south to northeastern and central Mexico. It inhabits the states of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro and Morelos.[2]
Description
The Texas coral snake has the traditional coloration associated with coral snakes, with black, yellow and red banding. It is capable of growing to 40 in (100 cm) in total length (including tail), but most are closer to 24 in (61 cm). Males are typically smaller than females. They have smooth dorsal scales, a rounded head, and eyes with round pupils. Albino (lacking black pigment) and anerythristic (lacking red pigment) specimens have been found in the wild.
Behavior
All coral snakes are shy, secretive animals, typically nocturnal. They spend most of their time hiding in leaf litter, under logs, or in burrows in the ground.
Diet
Their primary diet consists of other snakes, primarily earth snakes, and other small fossorial species. They will also occasionally eat small lizards, but the consumption of rodents by coral snakes is rare.
Venom
Texas coral snake venom is a powerful neurotoxin, causing neuromuscular dysfunction. Up until 2006, no deaths from coral snake bites have been reported since the 1960s in the United States. The coral snake resembles other, nonvenomous snakes as a form of Batesian mimicry. This resemblance of colors has resulted in the popular saying, "Red on black, venom lack. Red on yellow, deadly fellow." Because of the low profit yields, the production of coral snake antivenin has been discontinued for several years.[3][4] Prior to the availability of antivenin during production, the fatality rate of coral snake envenomations is estimated at 10%, and death was primarily due to respiratory or cardiovascular failure as a result of paralysis induced by the neurotoxic venom.
A coral snake (genus Micrurus) is proteroglyphous, meaning it has a pair of hollow, small, fixed fangs in the front of its upper jaw, through which the venom is injected and encouraged via a chewing motion. Due to this method of venom delivery, a coral snake must bite and hold on for a brief time to deliver a significant amount of venom, unlike a viper, which can simply strike and introduce a large amount of venom at once. Many bites from coral snakes do not inject any venom at all, and the small size of coral snakes makes their ability to bite humans rather limited. However, a bite from any coral snake should be considered extremely serious, and medical treatment should be sought immediately. This is because symptoms of envenomation are known to sometimes delay manifestation for as long as 12 hours, but once present, often progress rapidly.
Subspecies
There are four recognized subspecies of Micrurus tener:
- Micrurus tener tener (Baird & Girard, 1853)
- Micrurus tener fitzingeri (Jan, 1858)
- Micrurus tener maculatus Roze, 1967
- Micrurus tener microgalbineus B.C. Brown & H.M. Smith, 1942
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Micrurus.
Micrurus tener tener is found in both the US and Mexico, whereas the other subspecies are endemic to Mexico.[2]
The subspecific name, fitzingeri, is in honor of Austrian herpetologist Leopold Fitzinger.[5]
Taxonomy
The Texas coral snake was once considered the same species as the Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius, but more recent research has determined that it has enough morphological differences to be considered its own species.[1]
References
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- 1 2 3 Hammerson GA, Lavin P, Mendoza Quijano F (2007). "Micrurus tener". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- 1 2 3 Species Micrurus tener at The Reptile Database
- ↑ http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-10-12/news/os-coral-snakebite-treatment-shortage-20131008_1_coral-snake-bites-antivenin-fda
- ↑ http://www.chron.com/news/health/article/If-coral-snake-bites-you-don-t-count-on-antivenin-1695712.php
- ↑ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Micrurus tener fitzingeri, p. 91).
Further reading
- Baird SF, Girard C. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpentes. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (Elaps tenere, new species, pp. 22–23).
- Brown BC, Smith HM. 1942. A New Subspecies of Mexican Coral Snake. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 55: 63-65. (Micrurus fitzingeri microgalbineus, new subspecies).
- Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan. 2012 A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. (Micrurus tener tener, pp. 89–90).
- Jan [G]. 1858. "Plan d'une Iconographie descriptive des Ophidiens et Description sommaire de nouvelles espèces de Serpents ". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée, Paris, Series 2, 10: 438-449, 514-527. (Elaps fitzingeri, new species, p. 521). (in French).
- Roze JA. 1967. A Check List of the New World Venomous Coral Snakes (Elapidae), with Descriptions of New Forms. American Museum Novitates (2287): 1-60. (Micrurus fulvius maculatus, new subspecies, pp. 27–28, Figure 10).