Military doctrine of Russia

The military doctrine of the Russian Federation is a strategic planning document of the Russian Federation and represents a system of officially state adopted views of preparation for the armed protection of Russia. The most recent revision of the military doctrine was approved in 2014.[1]

Numerous successive revisions of military doctrine have been promulgated since 1990. These have included the military doctrines of May 1992 (in draft form), November 1993, and January 2000, as well as the two National Security Concepts of December 1997 and October 1999. Military doctrine in the Russian sense, however, extends beyond discussion of potential threats. In Christopher Donnelly's words, it forms part of "a set of views, accepted in a country at a given time, which cover the aims and character of possible war, the preparations of the country and its armed forces for such war, and the methods of waging it."[2]

1992 draft

The 1992 draft doctrine showed that first Russian thoughts on external threats were little more than a replica of Soviet thinking. The document stated that while the threat of a world war had declined significantly, the 'sources of military danger' in international relations remained the same as under the USSR.

The first of those "sources of military danger" was given as: "the eagerness of single States or coalitions of states to dominate in the world community or in individual regions, and their predilection for settling matters in dispute by military means".[3]

There could be little doubt that the General Staff, who produced the paper, had the United States and NATO in mind when they wrote this. As slightly further down, it was stated that Russia did not regard any state or coalition as an enemy, a contraction had been introduced between the old and the new, evolving security environment.[4](p13) 'Powerful groupings of armed forces' near Russia's borders, the military build-up of 'certain states', international terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were also mentioned. Russia also subtlety rescinded its nuclear no first use commitment by indicating that conventional attacks on nuclear weapons, power plants, 'and other potentially dangerous facilities' (presumably chemical or biological sites) would be regarded as a first use of weapons of mass destruction.

1993 Military Doctrine

The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (as it was then) refused to approve the 1992 draft. A new military doctrine only entered into force in November 1993, and was not made fully public; the summary released covered 21 of the 23 pages of the document. No reason was given for the only-partial release of the text, and this gave rise to fears that the Russian Government and/or its military wished to conceal controversial or discreditable intentions.[4](pp1–2)

The summary released showed major differences from the external threats thinking of the 1992 draft. Two main threads showed through the list. Firstly was the remaining threat from the West, exemplified by worries over expansion of military blocs and violation of arms accords, as well as with interference with Russians abroad. The no-first-use commitment of nuclear weapons was dropped. Secondly, newer dangers were acknowledged; nearby internal wars, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and terrorism.[5]

In keeping with its emphasis on the threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine called for Russian armed forces that were smaller, lighter, and more mobile, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid deployment capability. Such change proved extremely difficult to achieve.

2000 Military Doctrine

Both in the 1992 draft and in the 1993 official document, a distinction had been drawn between sources of external military danger and immediate military threats. This distinction disappeared in the most recent doctrinal statement, which was first publicised in draft form in October 1999, and then finally approved by Presidential decree in late April 2000.[6]

While numerous changes were made to the document between its draft stage and final form, the section on external military threats remained virtually the same.[7] The first threat is seen as territorial claims upon the Russian Federation and interference in Russian domestic affairs, language drawn directly from the 1993 external dangers section. Secondly mentioned was disregard for Russian concerns in international conflict resolution, and opposition to strengthening Russia as one centre of a multipolar world. The multipolarity reference echos deleted sections from the 1999 draft, where two contradictory tendencies were set out: at one end, a trend toward a unipolar world based on the domination of one superpower - clearly the United States - and the military resolution of key problems, and at the other, a tendency toward the formation of a multipolar world, based on the rule of international law and the equal rights of people and nations.[8]

2010 Military Doctrine

Russia's 2010 military doctrine defines itself as strictly defensive.[9][10][11]

The doctrine points out 11 actions seen as constituting "external dangers" (опасности, opasnosti, dangers) to the Russian Federation which include:

It also lists five actions seen as constituting military threats:

Under the new doctrine, Russia continues to develop and modernize its nuclear capability. "Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it or its allies, and also in case of aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is threatened."[11]

2014 military doctrine

A more recent revision of the military doctrine was promulgated on 26 December 2014.[12][lower-alpha 1]

Notes

  1. ↑ It was approved by President Dmitry Medvedev on 25 December 2014.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 "The military doctrine of the Russian Federation" (Press release). London: The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2015-06-29 [presidential decree 2014-12-25]. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
  2. ↑ Donnelly, Christopher N. (1988). Red banner: the Soviet military system in peace and war. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 106. ISBN 9780710604880.
  3. ↑ Rodionov, Igor (May 1992). "The fundamentals of Russia's Military Doctrine (Draft)". Voennaya mysl. Moscow (published 1992-06-16). 1992 (Special edition): 2. ISSN 1938-257X. JPRS-UMT-92-008-L.
  4. 1 2 Dick, Charles J. (November 1993). The military doctrine of the Russian Federation. Occasional Brief. 25. Camberley, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. OCLC 45957118.
  5. ↑ "The Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation". Rossiĭskie vesti. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1993-11-19 [published in Russian 1993-11-18]. p. 5. FBIS-SOV-93-222-S – via Center for Russia in Asia of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
  6. ↑ Text of Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by a presidential decree dated 21 April 2000, via BBC Monitoring Service, Caversham Park, Reading.
  7. ↑ Main, S (April 2000). Russia's Military Doctrine. Occasional Brief. 77. Camberley, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 1. OCLC 45957118.
  8. ↑ "Draft Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation". Krasnaya Zvezda. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1999-10-09. §1.1, pp.3–4.
  9. ↑ "Russian president approves new military doctrine". en.rian.ru. Moscow: RIA Novosti. 2010-02-05. Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-02-06. new military doctrine which allows preventive nuclear strikes against potential aggressors.
  10. ↑ "Russia's new military doctrine approved". rt.com. Moscow: Russia Today TV. 2010-03-05 [first published 2010-02-05]. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2010-02-06. we are not going to attack anyone, but we are not going to wait until we are attacked either.
  11. 1 2 "Voyennaya doktrina Rossiyskoy Federatsii" Военная доктрина Российской Федерации [Military doctrine of the Russian Federation]. scrf.gov.ru (in Russian). Moscow: Security Council of the Russian Federation. 2010-06-25 [presidential decree 2010-06-25]. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Note: the same URL is used for various revisions with different presidential decree dates.
  12. ↑ Sinovets, Polina; Renz, Bettina (July 2015). "Russia's 2014 Military Doctrine and beyond: threat perceptions, capabilities and ambitions". Research Paper. Rome, IT: NATO Defense College, Research Division. 117. ISSN 2076-0957. Archived from the original on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-02-06.

External links

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