Nayarit

Nayarit
State
Estado Libre y Soberano de Nayarit

Flag
Seal

State of Nayarit within Mexico
Coordinates: 21°45′N 105°14′W / 21.750°N 105.233°W / 21.750; -105.233Coordinates: 21°45′N 105°14′W / 21.750°N 105.233°W / 21.750; -105.233
Country Mexico
Capital Tepic
Largest City Tepic
Municipalities 20
Admission January 26, 1917[1]
Order 28th
Government
 • Governor  Roberto Sandoval
 • Senators[2]  Raúl Mejía González
 Magaly Ramírez
 Francisco J. Castellón
 • Deputies[3]
Area[4]
 • Total 27,857 km2 (10,756 sq mi)
  Ranked 23rd
Highest elevation[5] 2,760 m (9,060 ft)
Population (2015)[6]
 • Total 1,181,050
 • Rank 29th
 • Density 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
 • Density rank 23rd
Demonym(s) Nayarita
Time zones MST (UTC−7)
CST (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) MDT (UTC−6)
CDT (UTC-5)
Postal code 63
Area code
ISO 3166 code MX-NAY
HDI Increase 0.749 (high)
Ranked 15th
GDP US$ 4,281.52 mil[a]
Website Official website
^ a. The state's GDP was 53,167,305 thousand pesos in 2008,[7] an amount corresponding to USD 4,281,523.828 thousand (a dollar worth 12.80 pesos as of June 3, 2010).[8]

Nayarit (Spanish pronunciation: [naʝaˈɾit]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nayarit), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.

It is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south. To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean, including the islands of Marías and Marietas. The beaches of San Blas and the so-called "Riviera Nayarit" are popular with tourists. Beside tourism, the economy of the state is based mainly on agriculture and fishing.

Home to Uto-Aztecan indigenous peoples such as the Huichol and Cora, the region was exposed to the conquistadores, Hernán Cortés and Nuño de Guzmán, in the 16th century. Spanish governance was made difficult by indigenous rebellions and by the inhospitable terrain of the Sierra del Nayar. The last independent Cora communities were subjugated in 1722. The state's name recalls the Cora's label for themselves: Náayerite, commemorating Nayar, a resistance leader.[9]

History

Map of Nayarit before the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire.
The colonial contaduría (accounting offices) in the old port town of San Blas.

Radiocarbon dating estimate Aztatlán colonization of the western Mexican coast – including parts of Sinaloa, Nayarit and Jalisco – as occurring as early as 900 AD, with some evidence suggesting it might have been as early as 520 AD. Encountered on the western coast by the Spanish invaders in 1500, the cultures were descended from these original Aztatlán settlements and other Classic stage cultures who had merged with them.[10][11]

Hernándo was the first known European to enter into the area now known as Nayarit, which claimed for Spain as part of the colony of Nueva Galicia. As the Spaniards invaded the area, led by Nuño de Guzman, their brutality caused the indigenous inhabitants to revolt, in what was later referred to as the Mixtón War.[12][13] After almost two centuries of resistance, the last independent Cora communities were incorporated into the colonial administration by force in 1722. Then followed an intense missionary efforts by Jesuit friars.[14]

In the colonial period, the port of San Blas was one of the most important trade ports on the American Pacific coast. Galleons transporting goods from Manila, the Philippines arrived here before the rise of the port of Acapulco. Today, the town still boasts colonial architecture from the its heyday, such as the aduana (customs office), contaduria (accounting offices) and the fortress that protected the port against pirates.

In Nayarit, the struggle for independence from Spain was initiated by the priest José María Mercado, who conquered Tepic and San Blas before being defeated and executed by Spanish royalists. With the first independent constitution of 1824, Nayarit was a part of Jalisco state. During the second half of the 19th century, Nayarit was one of the most turbulent territories in Mexico. The population was in open revolt, demanding access to land.[15] Nayarit was one of the last territories admitted as a state of the Mexican federation, which occurred on May 1, 1917.[16]

Geography

Sayulita off Nayarit's Pacific coast, a former fishing village now mostly given over to tourism, part of the area now marketed as "La Riviera Nayarita" or "Nuevo Vallarta"

Nayarit covers 27,815 square kilometers (10,739 sq mi), making it one of the smaller states in Mexico.[17] Nayarit is located between latitude lines 23°05' north and 20°36' south and longitude lines 103°43' east and 105°46' west.[18] Its terrain is broken up by the western ends of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. Its highest mountains are: San Juan, Sanguangüey, El Ceboruco, Cumbre de Pajaritos and Picachos.[19] Nayarit has two volcanoes, Ceboruco and Sangangüey. In the northeast are broad, tropical plains watered by the Río Grande de Santiago, a continuation of the Lerma River. The main state rivers are the Río Grande de Santiago, San Pedro, Acaponeta, Ameca and Las Cañas. The Río Grande de Santiago is the largest river in Nayarit. The Santiago and its tributaries are of major importance for agricultural irrigation. The Ameca and the Las Cañas lie on the border between Nayarit and the states of Jalisco and Sinaloa, respectively. Notable lagoons in Nayarit include Santa María del Oro, San Pedro Lagunillas and Agua Brava.[20][21]

Municipalities

Nayarit – as all states of Mexico – is geographically divided into municipalities (municipios), creating twenty municipalities in Nayarit:

Environment

Nayarit contains hundreds of miles of rain forest in the sierra. Its wildlife includes hundreds of bird species including the lilac-crowned amazon (Amazona finschi) and Mexican woodnymph (Thalurania ridgwayi). There are also registered 119 species of mammals, including white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), caymans, armadillos and wild felines such as jaguarundi (Puma yagouarundi) and ocelot (Felis pardalis) and many more.[22] Unfortunately, most of the rain forest has been exploited, especially around the region of Santa María del Oro. The conservation and protection of the rain forest and wildlife of Nayarit is an issue of crucial importance.[23]

The Islas Marías were designated as the Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2010.[24]

Flora and fauna

Flora and fauna of Nayarit
Puma yagouaroundi,
eyra cat		 Micrurus,
coral snake		 Centruroides suffusus,
bark scorpion		 Aquila chrysaetos,
golden eagle		 Zenaida macroura,
mourning dove
Amazona finschi,
lilac-crowned amazon		 Crotalus basiliscus,
green rattler		 Odocoileus hemionus,
mule deer		 Canis latrans,
coyote		 Falco peregrinus,
peregrine
Agave tequilana,
tequila agave		 Opuntia ficus-indica,
cactus pear		 Echinocactus grusonii,
golden barrel cactus		 Cylindropuntia imbricata,
cane cholla		 Pinus ponderosa,
ponderosa pine

Education

Archaeological zone of Los Toriles.

Demographics

The state capital Tepic seen from the Cerro de la Cruz. Tepic is home to some 340,000 people.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1895[25] 149,807—    
1900 150,098+0.2%
1910 171,173+14.0%
1921 163,183−4.7%
1930 167,724+2.8%
1940 216,698+29.2%
1950 290,124+33.9%
1960 389,929+34.4%
1970 544,031+39.5%
1980 726,120+33.5%
1990 824,643+13.6%
1995 896,702+8.7%
2000 920,185+2.6%
2005 949,684+3.2%
2010 1,084,979+14.2%
2015 1,181,050+8.9%

Nayarit is Mexico's twenty-ninth most populous state. According to the census of 2010, the state had a population of 1,084,979 and its population density was 39/km2.

Indigenous groups

Nayarit is the home to four indigenous groups: the Wixaritari (Huichol), the Naayeri (Cora), the Odam (Tepehuan) and the Nahuatl-speaking Mexicaneros. The indigenous groups mostly inhabit the Nayar highlands, but are also frequently encountered in Tepic and on the Pacific coast, where they have also established colonies. They are known for their crafts and artwork which they sell. About 5% of the population of the state population speak an indigenous language.[26]

Economy

Shrimp fisherman on the coast of Nayarit.

Nayarit is predominantly an agricultural state, and produces a large variety of crops such as beans, sorghum, sugar cane, corn, tobacco, rice, chiles, peanuts, melons, tomatoes, coffee, mangoes, bananas, and avocados. In addition to these crops, livestock and fishing are also central to the local economy. Approximately 6 percent of the land in Nayarit is pasturelands, with the most common livestock being cattle, horse, pigs, goats, and sheep. Nayarit has 289 kilometers of coastline, which provides an abundance of fish and shellfish, including bass, snapper, sharks, and oysters. There are over 75 cooperatives related to the fishing industry alone in Nayarit. Much of the food produced in Nayarit is exported to the larger urban areas surrounding Mexico City and Guadalajara, and much of the agricultural labor is performed by migrant laborers. There is some mining in Nayarit, but it is mostly of non-metallic substances such as limestone or kaolin.[27]


In recent years, Nayarit has worked to build its tourism sector, marketing the "Riviera Nayarita" as a safe, beautiful destination served by Puerto Vallarta International Airport. Popular resort towns include San Blas, Santiago Ixcuintla, Tecuala, and Compostela. However, some residents in these and other towns are concerned that the growth in the tourism industry might have harmful impacts on the community.[27] Due to the tourism growth, a lot of residents in the community have fallen victim to timeshare scams.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Diciembre en la Historia de Nayarit" (in Spanish).
  2. ↑ "Senadores por Nayarit LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Nayarit". Camara de Diputados. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  4. ↑ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Encuesta Intercensal 2015" (PDF). Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Jalisco". 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano.". www.pesomexicano.com.mx. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
  9. ↑ "El Nayar". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  10. ↑ Mountjoy, Joseph B. (2013). "Aztatlan Complex". In Evans, Susan T. & Webster, David L. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781136801853.
  11. ↑ For a map showing important archaeological sites in Nayarit, refer to: Gorenstein, Shirley (2000). "Western and Northwestern Mexico". In Trigger, Bruce G. et al. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 9780521351652.
  12. ↑ Pasztor, Suzanne B. (2004). "Nayarit (state)". In Coerver, Don M. et al. Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 323. ISBN 9781576071328.
  13. ↑ Patch, Robert W. (2010). "Indian Resistance to Colonialism". In Beezley, William & Meyer, Michael. The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press. pp. 180–184. ISBN 9780199779932.
  14. ↑ Coyle, Philip E. “The Customs of our Ancestros: Cora Religious Conversion and Millennailism, 2000-1722. Ethnohistory 45:3 (summer 1998), pp. 509-542
  15. ↑ Morales, Leopoldo R. (2001). El Nayarit de los años del general Romano: la historia documental de un gobernante. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. p. 5.
  16. ↑ "Nayarit y Su History ("Nayarit and Its History")". H. Congreso del Estado de Nayarit.
  17. ↑ Gov Mx
  18. ↑ Map Gov Mx
  19. ↑ "Nayarit" in The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2012, Columbia University Press
  20. ↑ Pasztor, Suzanne B. (2012). "Nayarit". In Saragoza, Alex et al. Mexico Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. ISBN 9780313349485.
  21. ↑ Fernández, Marina Anguiano (1992). Nayarit: costa y altiplanicie en el momento del contacto (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). p. 27. ISBN 9789683616067.
  22. ↑ Pulido Pérez, R. (1995). Diagnostico de la fauna silvestre en el estado de Nayarit/.
  23. ↑ Kealy, Kelly & Duecy, Erica, eds. (2011). Fodor's Puerto Vallarta with the Riviera Nayarit, Costalegre, and Inland Jalisco. Random House. p. 33. ISBN 9781400004829.
  24. ↑ "Islas María". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  25. ↑ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  26. ↑ http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/poblacion_indigena/leng_indi/PHLI.pdf
  27. 1 2 Standish, Peter (2009). "Nayarit". The States of Mexico: A Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 251–252. ISBN 9780313342233.
  28. ↑ ""Nayarit Vacation Rentals"". Nayarit Vacation Rentals. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

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