Noble gas (data page)
This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus.
Physical properties
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Phase changes and critical properties
Atomic properties
Abundance
Abundance | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon |
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[17] | 2343 | 2.148 | 0.1025 | 5.515 × 10−5 | 5.391 × 10−6 | – |
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[18] | 5.20 | 18.20 | 9340.00 | 1.10 | 0.09 | (0.06–18) × 10−19 |
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[10] | 3 × 10−3 | 7 × 10−5 | 4 × 10−2 | – | – | 1.7 × 10−10 |
Economic data
Gas | 2004 price (USD/m3)[1] |
Helium (industrial grade) | 4.20–4.90 |
Helium (laboratory grade) | 22.30–44.90 |
Argon | 2.70–8.50 |
Neon | 60–120 |
Krypton | 400–500 |
Xenon | 4000–5000 |
Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium.[19]
References and notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
- ↑ Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
- ↑ at 2.06–2.63 K
- ↑ at −191 °C
- ↑ at 87.27K
- ↑ at 119.80K
- ↑ at 165.05K
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
- 1 2 Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
- ↑ Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485.
- ↑ <3 × 106 Hz at 140 °C
- ↑ 106 Hz at 0°C
- ↑ 1015 Hz at 20°C
- 1 2 Lambda point for pure 4He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
- ↑ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. The American Astronomical Society. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492.
- ↑ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ↑ Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.