Occupation of Gori

Occupation of Gori Part of Russo-Georgian War Date 13–22 August 2008 Location Gori, Georgia 41°58′52.86″N 44°06′34.35″E / 41.9813500°N 44.1095417°E / 41.9813500; 44.1095417Coordinates: 41°58′52.86″N 44°06′34.35″E / 41.9813500°N 44.1095417°E / 41.9813500; 44.1095417 Result Russian victory. Georgia started peace negotiations. Belligerents  Russia  South Ossetia  Georgia Commanders and leaders Vyacheslav Borisov Unknown Strength Elements of the 58th Army Russian Air Force units Ossetian militia Georgian Armed Forces Georgian Police Casualties and losses None None Civilian Casualties: 14 civilians killed,[1] 22 missing 1 Dutch journalist killed[2] Refugees: At least about 56,000[3]

Russo-Georgian War South Ossetia Tskhinvali Ethnic cleansing Abkhazia Kodori Valley Black Sea Uncontested Georgia Poti Gori Assured Delivery

The Occupation of Gori was the military occupation of Gori and its surrounding areas by Russian military forces, which started on 13 August 2008 as part of the Russo-Georgian War, and ended with the withdrawal of Russian units from the city on 22 August 2008.

Background and initial airstrikes

Gori is a strategic city in central Georgia,^[4] about 25 km (16 mi) from Tskhinvali.^[5] Gori is a major military installation and transportation hub in Georgia.^[6] 75 tanks and armored personnel carriers (a third of the Georgian military's arsenal) were assembled near Gori on 7 August.^[7]

Around 6:27 AM on 9 August 2008, Reuters reported that two Russian fighters had bombed a Georgian artillery position about 10 km north of Gori.^[8][9] On 9 August, a Russian air attack targeted military barracks in Gori. In the resulting explosion, besides the base, several apartment buildings and a school were also damaged.^[10] The Georgian government reported that 60 civilians were killed when bombs hit the apartment buildings.^[11] According to the Russian media, Russian aircraft dropped three bombs on an armament depot, and the façade of one of the adjacent 5-story apartment buildings suffered damage as a result of exploding ammunition from the depot.^[12] Russian aircraft had bombed at least five Georgian cities by 9 August.^[13]

Georgian abandonment

A Georgian military base near Gori largely demolished by Russian troops.

Destroyed Georgian military base in Gori

Following its defeat in Tskhinvali, the Georgian Army regrouped at Gori.^[14] Georgian military entered the city on 10 August.^[15] On 10 August, BBC reported that people were leaving Gori because they feared of Russian advance towards the city.^[16] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and World Food Programme determined that about 80 percent of residents had left Gori as of 10 August.^[3] Russians began advancing towards Gori.^[6]

On 11 August 2008, the Georgian forces retreated from Gori. A senior Georgian security official, Kakha Lomaia, said that the troops were ordered to defend Tbilisi.^[17][18] Police sealed off the highway from Tbilisi, and did not allow any cars into the city. The Russian attacks were met with Georgian artillery firing towards South Ossetia, and at least six Georgian helicopters were reported to have also attacked targets in South Ossetia.^[19] A Times reporter described the Georgian withdrawal as "sudden and dramatic", saying that the "residents watched in horror" as their army abandoned their positions.^[19] Georgian tanks and armored personnel carries fled to Tbilisi. A tank exploded on the mountain road due to unspecified reasons, and an armored car pushing it out of the way also caught fire. Georgian infantry fled the city by any means available. Five soldiers escaped the city on one Quad bike.^[19] By late 11 August, Gori was deserted after most remaining residents and Georgian soldiers had fled.^[2] Georgia said that Russian forces had captured Gori, but a Reuters witness saw no troops in the empty town.^[20] Initial Georgian reports that Russian troops were in Gori, were later discounted by Georgia.^[21]

Georgian armed forces concentrated on holding Mtskheta, 15 miles (24 km) from the capital Tbilisi.^[22] Deputy Defense Minister Batu Kutelia said that the defense line was being moved to Mtskheta.^[23]

The final air attacks

On 12 August 2008, a Dutch television journalist Stan Storimans was killed and another journalist injured when Russian warplanes bombed the city.^[2] As a result of the explosion 7 people were killed, over 30 were injured.^[24] Georgian officials said Russian forces had been targeting the city's administrative buildings; the university of Gori and its post office were on fire after the bombings.^[2] Russia's deputy head of the General Staff, Colonel-General Anatoliy Nogovitsyn, denied that Russian forces had attacked the town.^[25] That day, a missile struck the Gori Military Hospital,^[26][27] despite the fact that Red Cross flag was flying over the roof, killing doctor Goga Abramishvili.^[26]

President Mikheil Saakashvili said his country had been sliced in half with the capture of a critical highway crossroads near Gori.^[28]

Human Rights Watch (HRW), an international rights group, accused Russia of deploying indiscriminately deadly cluster bombs in civilian areas. HRW said that Russian aircraft had dropped RBK-250 cluster bombs, each containing 30 PTAB 2.5M submunitions or bomblets on the town of Ruisi in the Kareli district of Georgia, on 12 August. On the same day a cluster strike in the centre of Gori killed at least eight civilians, including Stan Storimans and injured dozens.^[29]

Russian military official denied using cluster munitions, calling the assertion "slanderous".^[30] Numerous unexploded submunitions were subsequently found by local population in the Gori district and the HRW documented them.^[31]

Russian occupation

Several hours after the ceasefire agreement was reached, a Russian tank battalion occupied parts of Gori. Rumors of a possible attack on Tbilisi circulated.^[4][32] Russian troops took control of Gori on 13 August 2008.^[33][34] Sergey Lavrov said that when Georgian troops abandoned their military headquarters near Gori, they left "a major arsenal of armaments and military equipment" and the Russian troops were guarding it.^[4] Russian troops said they were removing military hardware and ammunition from an arms depot outside Gori.^[35] A Russian armored column left Gori, traveling along the main road to Tbilisi. Russian forces then halted their advance and camped out in a field about an hour's drive from Tbilisi.^[36]

In the morning of 14 August, Georgian police and military vehicles prepared to re-enter Gori after the expected departure of Russian forces. Reports of a collapse in negotiations triggered a confrontation between Georgian and Russian troops at a checkpoint on the main road, however no shots were fired. By the afternoon, Russian tanks had moved in to guard the entrance to town.^[32] Russian major general Vyacheslav Borisov told Aleksandre Lomaia, secretary of Georgia's National Security Council, that the residents of Gori were not disturbed by the Russians' presence.^[37] Later, Russian forces allowed Georgian police to return.^[38] Vyacheslav Borisov claimed that the city of Gori was controlled jointly by Georgian Police and Russian troops. He further said that Russian troops would start leaving Gori in two days.^[39] But joint patrols soon broke down because of apparent discord among personnel and the city returned to full Russian control. More than 30 police officers returned to a Georgian post outside the city.^[33] Russia's UN ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, denied that Russian troops were occupying Gori, saying that Russian soldiers "are not in Gori, have never been in Gori and do not occupy Gori," and rejected the reports that the town was in ruins.^[40]

Russian forces pushed to about 25 miles (40 km) from Tbilisi, the closest during the war; they stopped in Igoeti 41°59′22″N 44°25′04″E / 41.98944°N 44.41778°E / 41.98944; 44.41778. The parts of Georgia’s army, which had manned a narrow front in the immediate vicinity down the road, maintained their positions. The Russian move coincided with the U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s meeting with Georgian president Saakashvili on 15 August.^[41]

The uniformed Russian troops were followed by the irregular soldiers, identified as Chechen, Cossack and Ossetian "volunteers".^[40][41] "Now Ossetians are running around and killing poor Georgians in their enclaves," said Major-General Vyacheslav Borisov on 14 August. A Russian lieutenant said: "We have to be honest. The Ossetians are marauding."^[42] Answering a journalist's question, a Russian lieutenant colonel said: "We're not a police force, we're a military force. [...] It's not our job to do police work."^[42] The New York Times noted, that "the Russian military might be making efforts in some places to stop the rampaging".^[42] The Russian forces denied access to some humanitarian aid missions seeking to assist civilians. The United Nations, which has described the humanitarian situation in Gori as "desperate," was able to deliver only limited food supplies to the city.^[43] On 17 August, BBC reported that humanitarian aid was being delivered to the city. The Russian commander in Gori said his troops were staying to prevent looting and would leave when Georgian police was ready to take over.^[44]

In the 17 August report, HRW said the organization's researchers interviewed ethnic Georgians from the city of Gori and surrounding villages who described how armed Ossetian pro-Russian militias attacked their cars and kidnapped civilians who were trying to flee militia attacks on their homes after the Russian advance into the region. Numerous crimes against humanity or war crimes had been committed by Ossetian militias. In phone interviews, people remaining in Gori region villages told HRW that they had witnessed looting and arson attacks by Ossetian militias in their villages, but were afraid to leave after learning about militia attacks on those who fled.^[43] According to the Hague Convention, an occupying power has to insure public order and safety in the occupied areas.^[45] The Russian human rights group Memorial called the attacks by South Ossetian militia "pogroms".^[46]

Russian pullout of Gori

The last Russian military formations left the city late on 22 August 2008, and Georgian law enforcement units moved into Gori shortly thereafter.^[47][48] Gigi Ugulava, the mayor of Tbilisi, said that the authorities would arrange "an organized return" of tens of thousands of displaced persons to Gori. The closest Russian checkpoint remaining in the vicinity of Gori was located in the village of Karaleti, five kilometers from the town.^[47]

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  Georgian conscripts in Tbilisi after retreating from Gori
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  A burnt apartment building where 16 people were reportedly killed
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  Propulsion stage of a Russian missile in a civilian apartment on August 25, 2008
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  Pictures on display outside the Georgian parliament showing the destruction after Russian bombings in Gori.

References

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