Ocelloid

Not to be confused with the ocellus (pl. ocelli), a simple light-sensitive structure found in invertebrates.
An image of a single cell featuring a large nucleus and an ocelloid, which is composed of a roundish "lens" and a darkly pigmented disc-shaped retinal body.
A light micrograph of an ocelloid-containing dinoflagellate. The nucleus is marked n, the ocelloid is indicated with a double arrowhead, and a posterior cell extension is indicated with an arrow; scale bar = 10 µm.[1]

An ocelloid is a subcellular structure found in the family Warnowiaceae (warnowiids), which are a members of a group of unicellular organisms known as dinoflagellates. The ocelloid is analogous in structure and function to the eyes of multicellular organisms, which focus, process and detect light. The ocelloid is much more complex than the eyespot, a light-sensitive structure also found in unicellular organisms, and is in fact one of the most complex known subcellular structures.[2] It has been described as a striking example of convergent evolution.[3]

History

The ocelloid was originally described in 1884.[4] Early descriptions were met with skepticism and hypothesized to represent the eye of a multicellular organism coincidentally engulfed by a single-celled organism.[2] The possibility that it had an evolutionary relationship to plastids had been considered at least since the 1970s, although until the 2010s direct evidence was scarce.[5]

Structure

A close-up image of an ocelloid.
A micrograph of a single ocelloid; scale bar = 5 µm.[1]
Grayscale electron micrograph of an ocelloid in its cellular context. Due to the microscopy technique used, the normally translucent hyalosome appears almost as darkly stained as the retinal body.
A negative staining transmission electron micrograph of an ocelloid (white box), indicating the hyalosome (H) and retinal body (R), as well as a portion of the piston (Ps). Scale bar = 10 µm.[5]

Ocelloids contain subcomponents analogous to eye structures including the lens, cornea, iris, and retina.[2] It can be divided into two substructures, the translucent, roundish hyalosome and the heavily pigmented melanosome, also known as the retinal body or pigment cup.[5] The hyalosome serves as the refractive lens of the ocelloid; it is surrounded by a layer of mitochondria serving as the cornea and has constrictive rings analogous to the iris. The retinal body has internal structure reminiscent of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and contains proteins related to bacteriorhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein found in some archaea.[2][5]

Using single-cell genomics and electron microscopy techniques, the ocelloid has been shown to consist of multiple membrane-bound organelles with distinct endosymbiotic origins deriving from multiple lineages of peridinin-containing plastids.[2] This discovery received widespread attention in popular science media after it was reported in 2015.[6][7][8]

Function

Grayscale diagrams of the structures of the ocelloid and vertebrate eye, showing analogous positional relationships between the hyalosome/lens and retinal body/retina.
Comparison between the structures of the ocelloid (1) and the vertebrate eye (2). Components are indicated as the hyalosome (H), retinal body/retina (R), and crystallin lens (C).[5]

Due to the strong structural resemblance between the ocelloid and metazoan eyes, it has long been speculated that the ocelloid functions as a photoreceptor; however, this is difficult to determine experimentally because warnowiids cannot be cultured in the laboratory, and isolates from natural habitats degrade quickly. It has been shown that the morphology of the ocelloid changes in response to environmental illumination, that the ocelloid structure can be disrupted by exposure to extremely bright light, and that it contains proteins with sequence similarity to known light-sensitive proteins.[5] It has been speculated that the ocelloid aids in detecting prey, possibly other dinoflagellates.[2]

Evolution

Ocelloids are considered a synapomorphic character for the warnowiids - that is, they are present in all warnowiids and presumed present in the common ancestor, but are not present in the closest extant relatives, the polykrikoid dinoflagellates. These two groups share other unusually complex subcellular structures such as nematocysts and pistons.[1][4]

The molecular evidence is compelling that ocelloids are composed of multiple endosymbionts: mitochondria and at least one type of plastid. Ocelloids are likely to be homologous to much less complex plastid-containing eyespots found in other, distantly related dinoflagellates.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Hoppenrath, M; Bachvaroff, TR; Handy, SM; Delwiche, CF; Leander, BS (25 May 2009). "Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences.". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 116. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-116. PMID 19467154.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gregory S. Gavelis, Shiho Hayakawa, Richard A. White III, Takashi Gojobori, Curtis A. Suttle, Patrick J. Keeling, Brian S. Leander (2015). "Eye-like ocelloids are built from different endosymbiotically acquired components". Nature. 523: 204–7. doi:10.1038/nature14593. PMID 26131935.
  3. ↑ Richards, Thomas A.; Gomes, Suely L. (1 July 2015). "Protistology: How to build a microbial eye". Nature. 523 (7559): 166–167. doi:10.1038/nature14630.
  4. 1 2 Gómez, Fernando; López-García, Purificación; Moreira, David (September 2009). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Ocelloid-Bearing Dinoflagellates and (Warnowiaceae, Dinophyceae)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (5): 440–445. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00420.x.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hayakawa, Shiho; Takaku, Yasuharu; Hwang, Jung Shan; Horiguchi, Takeo; Suga, Hiroshi; Gehring, Walter; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Gribaldo, Simonetta (3 March 2015). "Function and Evolutionary Origin of Unicellular Camera-Type Eye Structure". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118415. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118415.
  6. ↑ Yong, Ed (2 July 2015). "Single-Celled Creature Has Eye Made of Domesticated Microbes". Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science. National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  7. ↑ "Single-celled predator evolves tiny, human-like 'eye'". Phys.org. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  8. ↑ Eck, Allison (16 July 2015). "The Most Unbelievable Eye on Earth Belongs to a Creature With No Brain". Nova Next. PBS. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
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