Orhan Pamuk

Orhan Pamuk

Orhan Pamuk in 2009
Born Ferit Orhan Pamuk
(1952-06-07) 7 June 1952
Istanbul, Turkey
Occupation Novelist,
screenwriter,
Professor of Comparative Literature and Writing (Columbia University)
Nationality Turkish
Period 1974 – present
Genre Novel
Subject East–West dichotomy, literature, painting
Literary movement Postmodern literature
Notable works
Notable awards International Dublin Literary Award
2003
Nobel Prize in Literature
2006
Sonning Prize
2012
Spouse Aylin Türegün
(m. 1982, div. 2002)
Relatives Şevket Pamuk (brother)
Hümeyra Pamuk (half-sister)
Website
www.orhanpamuk.net
Pamuk in his personal writing space

Ferit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. One of Turkey's most prominent novelists,[1] his work has sold over thirteen million books in sixty-three languages,[2] making him the country's best-selling writer.[3]

Pamuk is the author of novels including The White Castle, The Black Book, The New Life, My Name Is Red, Snow, The Museum of Innocence, and A Strangeness in My Mind. He is the Robert Yik-Fong Tam Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he teaches writing and comparative literature.

Born in Istanbul,[4] Pamuk is the first Turkish Nobel laureate. He is also the recipient of numerous other literary awards. My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour and 2003 International Dublin Literary Award.

The European Writers' Parliament came about as a result of a joint proposal by Pamuk and José Saramago.[5] In 2005, the ultra-nationalist lawyer Kemal Kerinçsiz sued Pamuk over his statement regarding the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.[6] His intention, according to Pamuk himself, had been to highlight issues relating to freedom of speech in the country of his birth. The court initially rejected to hear the case, but in 2011 Pamuk was ordered to pay 6,000 liras in total compensation for having insulted the plaintiffs' honor.[7]

Early life

Pamuk was born in Istanbul, in 1952, and he grew up in a wealthy yet declining upper-class family; an experience he describes in passing in his novels The Black Book and Cevdet Bey and His Sons, as well as more thoroughly in his personal memoir Istanbul. He was educated at Robert College secondary school in Istanbul and went on to study architecture at the Istanbul Technical University since it was related to his real dream career, painting.[8] He left the architecture school after three years, however, to become a full-time writer, and graduated from the Institute of Journalism at the University of Istanbul in 1976. From ages 22 to 30, Pamuk lived with his mother, writing his first novel and attempting to find a publisher. He describes himself as a Cultural Muslim who associates the historical and cultural identification with the religion while not believing in a personal connection to God.[9]

Work

He started writing regularly in 1974.[10] His first novel, Karanlık ve Işık (Darkness and Light) was a co-winner of the 1979 Milliyet Press Novel Contest (Mehmet Eroğlu was the other winner). This novel was published with the title Cevdet Bey ve Oğulları (Mr. Cevdet and His Sons) in 1982, and won the Orhan Kemal Novel Prize in 1983. It tells the story of three generations of a wealthy Istanbul family living in Nişantaşı, the district of Istanbul where Pamuk grew up.

Pamuk won a number of critical prizes for his early work, including the 1984 Madarali Novel Prize for his second novel Sessiz Ev (The Silent House) and the 1991 Prix de la Découverte Européenne for the French translation of this novel. His historical novel Beyaz Kale (The White Castle), published in Turkish in 1985, won the 1990 Independent Award for Foreign Fiction and extended his reputation abroad. The New York Times Book Review stated, "A new star has risen in the east—Orhan Pamuk." He started experimenting with postmodern techniques in his novels, a change from the strict naturalism of his early works.

Popular success took a bit longer to come to Pamuk, but his 1990 novel Kara Kitap (The Black Book) became one of the most controversial and popular readings in Turkish literature, due to its complexity and richness. In 1992, he wrote the screenplay for the movie Gizli Yüz (Secret Face), based on Kara Kitap and directed by a prominent Turkish director, Ömer Kavur. Pamuk's fifth novel Yeni Hayat (New Life) caused a sensation in Turkey upon its 1994 publication and became the fastest-selling book in Turkish history. By this time, Pamuk had also become a high-profile figure in Turkey, due to his support for Kurdish political rights. In 1995, Pamuk was among a group of authors tried for writing essays that criticized Turkey's treatment of the Kurds. In 1999, Pamuk published his book of essays Öteki Renkler (Other Colors).

My Name Is Red

Main article: My Name Is Red

Pamuk's international reputation continued to increase when he published Benim Adım Kırmızı (My Name is Red) in 1998. The novel blends mystery, romance, and philosophical puzzles in a setting of 16th century Istanbul. It opens a window into the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat III in nine snowy winter days of 1591, inviting the reader to experience the tension between East and West from a breathlessly urgent perspective. My Name Is Red has been translated into 24 languages and in 2003 won the International Dublin Literary Award, the world's most lucrative literary prize.

Asked the question "What impact did winning the IMPAC award (currently $127,000) have on your life and your work?", Pamuk replied:

Nothing changed in my life since I work all the time. I've spent 30 years writing fiction. For the first 10 years, I worried about money and no one asked how much money I made. The second decade I spent money and no one was asking about that. And I've spent the last 10 years with everyone expecting to hear how I spend the money, which I will not do.[11]

Snow

Main article: Snow (Pamuk novel)

Pamuk followed this with the novel Kar, published in 2002 (English translation: Snow, 2004). Set in the border city of Kars, it explores the conflict between Islamism and Westernism in modern Turkey. Snow follows Ka, an expatriate Turkish poet, as he wanders around the snowy Kars and gets caught up in the muddle of aimless Islamists, MPs, headscarf advocates, secularists, and a number of factions who die and kill in the name of highly contradictory ideals. The New York Times listed Snow as one of its Ten Best Books of 2004.

In conversation with Carol Becker in the Brooklyn Rail about creating sympathetic characters in the political novel, Pamuk said:

I strongly feel that the art of the novel is based on the human capacity, though it’s a limited capacity, to be able to identify with “the other.” Only human beings can do this. It requires imagination, a sort of morality, a self-imposed goal of understanding this person who is different from us, which is a rarity.[12]

The Museum of Innocence

In May 2007, Pamuk was among the jury members at the Cannes Film Festival headed by British director Stephen Frears. He completed his next novel, Masumiyet Müzesi (The Museum of Innocence) in the summer of 2008 - the first novel he published after receiving the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Pamuk created an actual Museum of Innocence, consisting of everyday objects tied to the narrative, and housed them at an Istanbul house he purchased.[13] Pamuk collaborated on a documentary "The Innocence Of Memories" [14][15] that expanded on his Museum of Innocence. Pamuk Stated"(Museum of Dreams will)tell a different version of the love story set in Istanbul through objects and Grant Gee’s wonderful new film"[16] ". In both Snow and the Museum of Innocence Pamuk describes tragic love-stories, where men fall in love with beautiful women at first sight. It has been noted that Pamuk's portrayals of women and the reasons men fall in love with them are powerful in their intensity, yet superficial in the way these love stories originate. Pamuk's heroes tend to be educated men who fall tragically in love with beauties, but who seem doomed to a decrepit loneliness.

The Red-Haired Woman

Pamuk’s tenth novel, The Red-Haired Woman (2016) is the story of a well-digger and his apprentice looking for water on barren land. It is also a novel of ideas in the tradition of the French conte philosophique.

In mid-1980s Istanbul, Master Mahmut and his apprentice use ancient methods to dig new wells; this is the tale of their back-breaking struggle, but it is also an exploration—through stories and images—of ideas about fathers and sons, authoritarianism and individuality, state and freedom, reading and seeing. This short, compelling novel is at once a realist text investigating a murder which took place thirty years ago near Istanbul, and a fictional inquiry into the literary foundations of civilizations, comparing two fundamental myths of the West and the East respectively: Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex (a story of patricide) and Ferdowsi’s tale of Rostam and Sohrab (a story of filicide).

Throughout runs the demonic voice of the eponymous red-haired woman.

Non-fiction

Pamuk published a memoir/travelogue Istanbul—Hatıralar ve Şehir in 2003 (English version, Istanbul—Memories and the City, 2005). Pamuk's Other Colours – a collection of non-fiction and a story — was published in the UK in September 2007.

Asked how personal his book Istanbul: Memories and the City was, Pamuk replied:

I thought I would write Memories and the City in six months, but it took me one year to complete. And I was working twelve hours a day, just reading and working. My life, because of so many things, was in a crisis; I don’t want to go into those details: divorce, father dying, professional problems, problems with this, problems with that, everything was bad. I thought if I were to be weak I would have a depression. But every day I would wake up and have a cold shower and sit down and remember and write, always paying attention to the beauty of the book. Honestly, I may have hurt my mother, my family. My father was dead, but my mother is still alive. But I can’t care about that; I must care about the beauty of the book.[17]

Style

Pamuk's books are characterized by a confusion or loss of identity brought on in part by the conflict between Western and Eastern values. They are often disturbing or unsettling, but include complex plots and characters. His works are also redolent with discussion of and fascination with the creative arts, such as literature and painting. Pamuk's work often touches on the deep-rooted tensions between East and West and tradition and modernism/secularism.[18]

Pamuk speaks about "the angel of inspiration" when he discusses his creativity:

"I am just listening to an inner music, the mystery of which I don't completely know. And I don't want to know."[19]

"I am most surprised by those moments when I have felt as if the sentences, dreams, and pages that have made me so ecstatically happy have not come from my own imagination – that another power has found them and generously presented them to me."[20]

A group of writers assert that some parts of Pamuk's works are heavily influenced by works of other writers, and some chapters are almost totally quoted from other books. Pamuk himself said that his works have been inspired by the writings of rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. One of the writers, nationalist popular-historian Murat Bardakçı, accused him of counterfeiting and plagiarism in the Hurriyet, a Turkish newspaper.[21] Another accusation is that Pamuk's novel The White Castle contains exact paragraphs from Fuad Carim's Kanuni Devrinde İstanbul ("Istanbul in the Time of the Kanuni") novel.[22] After a question raised at the 2009 Boston Book Festival as to whether he wanted to respond to these accusations, Pamuk responded, "No I do not. Next question?".[23] However, many attributed such accusations to their ignorance about postmodern literature, and the literary technique of intertextuality which Pamuk almost always uses in his novels in full disclosure.

Personal life

Pamuk's elder brother Şevket Pamuk, who sometimes appears as a fictional character in Orhan Pamuk's work, is a professor of economics, internationally recognised for his work in history of economics of the Ottoman Empire, working at Bogazici University in Istanbul. Pamuk also has a younger half-sister Hümeyra Pamuk, who is a journalist.

On 1 March 1982, Pamuk married Aylin Türegün, a historian.[24] From 1985 to 1988, while his wife was a graduate student at Columbia University, Pamuk assumed the position of visiting scholar there, using the time to conduct research and write his novel The Black Book in the university's Butler Library. This period also included a visiting fellowship at the University of Iowa. Pamuk returned to Istanbul, a city to which he is strongly attached.[25] He and his wife had a daughter named Rüya (born 1991), whose name means "dream" in Turkish. In 2001, they were divorced.

In 2006, Pamuk returned to the U.S. to take a position as a visiting professor at Columbia, where he was a Fellow with Columbia's Committee on Global Thought and held an appointment in Columbia's Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures department and at its School of the Arts. In the 2007–2008 academic year Pamuk returned to Columbia to jointly teach comparative literature classes with Andreas Huyssen and David Damrosch. Pamuk was also a writer-in-residence at Bard College. In autumn 2009, Pamuk was Harvard's Charles Eliot Norton Lecturer, delivering a series of lectures entitled "The Naive and Sentimental Novelist".

Orhan publicly acknowledged his relationship with Kiran Desai, Booker prize winner of Indian origin.[26] In January 2011, Turkish-Armenian artist Karolin Fişekçi told Hürriyet Daily News that Pamuk had a two-and-a-half-year relationship with her during the same time (2010–12),[27] a statement expressly denied by Pamuk.[28]

In an interview with Simon Schama published in the Financial Times on Aug 16 2013, Schama mentions Pamuk's girlfriend Asli.[29] Aslı Akyavaş is thought to be his current girlfriend.

Trial

José Saramago, Gabriel García Márquez, Günter Grass, Umberto Eco, Carlos Fuentes, Juan Goytisolo, John Updike and Mario Vargas Llosa issued a joint statement in support of Pamuk when he was put on trial in Turkey.

In 2005, after Pamuk made a statement regarding the Armenian Genocide and deaths of Kurds, a criminal case was opened against the author based on a complaint filed by ultra-nationalist lawyer Kemal Kerinçsiz.[6] The charges were dropped on 22 January 2006. In Bilecik, his books were burnt in a nationalist rally.[30] Pamuk has subsequently stated his intent was to draw attention to freedom of speech issues. However, Kemal Kerinçsiz, the lawyer who had originally pressed charges against Pamuk, appealed to the Supreme Court of Appeal which ordered the court in Şişli to re-open the case. On March 27, 2011, Pamuk was found guilty and ordered to pay 6,000 liras in total compensation to five people for, among others, having insulted their honor.[7]

Pamuk's statements

The criminal charges against Pamuk resulted from remarks he made during an interview in February 2005 with the Swiss publication Das Magazin, a weekly supplement to a number of Swiss daily newspapers: the Tages-Anzeiger, the Basler Zeitung, the Berner Zeitung and the Solothurner Tagblatt. In the interview, Pamuk stated, "Thirty thousand Kurds have been killed here, and a million Armenians. And almost nobody dares to mention that. So I do."[31] Turkish historians were divided over the remarks.[32]

Pamuk stated that he was consequently subjected to a hate campaign that forced him to flee the country.[33] He returned later in 2005, however, to face the charges against him. In an interview with BBC News, he said that he wanted to defend freedom of speech, which was Turkey's only hope for coming to terms with its history: "What happened to the Ottoman Armenians in 1915 was a major thing that was hidden from the Turkish nation; it was a taboo. But we have to be able to talk about the past."[33] However, when Turkish television, CNN TURK asked Pamuk about his speech, he admitted that he said that "Armenians were killed" but he rejected that he said "Turks killed Armenians" and he estimated the number of deaths (as 1 million) in that speech.[34]

Prosecution

At the time, Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code stated: "A person who publicly insults the Republic or Turkish Grand National Assembly, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months to three years." Pamuk was charged with violating this law in the interview. In October, after the prosecution had begun, Pamuk reiterated his views in a speech given during an award ceremony in Germany: "I repeat, I said loud and clear that one million Armenians and 30,000 Kurds were killed in Turkey."[35]

Article 301's old form before 2005 (and also the new form after the amendments in 2008) required that prosecution under the article needs to be approved by the Ministry of Justice. A few minutes after Pamuk's trial started on 16 December, the judge found that this approval had not yet been received and suspended the proceedings. In an interview published in the Akşam newspaper the same day, the then Justice Minister Cemil Çiçek said he had not yet received Pamuk's file but would study it thoroughly once it came.[36]

On 29 December 2005, Turkish state prosecutors dropped the charge that Pamuk insulted Turkey's armed forces, although the charge of "insulting Turkishness" remained.[37]

International reaction

The charges against Pamuk caused an international outcry and led to questions in some circles about Turkey's proposed entry into the European Union. On 30 November, the European Parliament announced that it would send a delegation of five MEPs led by Camiel Eurlings, to observe the trial.[38] EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn subsequently stated that the Pamuk case would be a "litmus test" of Turkey's commitment to the EU's membership criteria.

On 1 December, Amnesty International released a statement calling for Article 301 to be repealed and for Pamuk and six other people awaiting trial under the act to be freed.[39] PEN American Center also denounced the charges against Pamuk, stating: "PEN finds it extraordinary that a state that has ratified both the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the European Convention on Human Rights, both of which see freedom of expression as central, should have a Penal Code that includes a clause that is so clearly contrary to these very same principles."[40]

On 13 December, eight world-renowned authors—José Saramago, Gabriel García Márquez, Günter Grass, Umberto Eco, Carlos Fuentes, Juan Goytisolo, John Updike and Mario Vargas Llosa—issued a joint statement supporting Pamuk and decrying the charges against him as a violation of human rights.[41]

In 2008, in an open online poll, Pamuk was voted as the fourth most intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).[42]

Charges dropped

On 22 January 2006, Turkey's Justice Ministry refused to issue an approval of the prosecution, saying that they had no authority to open a case against Pamuk under the new penal code.[43] With the trial in the local court, it was ruled the next day that the case could not continue without Justice Ministry approval.[44] Pamuk's lawyer, Haluk İnanıcı, subsequently confirmed that charges had been dropped.

The announcement occurred in a week when the EU was scheduled to begin a review of the Turkish justice system.[44]

Interplay

EU enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn welcomed the dropping of charges, saying "This is obviously good news for Mr. Pamuk, but it's also good news for freedom of expression in Turkey".[45] However, some EU representatives expressed disappointment that the justice ministry had rejected the prosecution on a technicality rather than on principle. An Ankara-based EU diplomat reportedly said, "It is good the case has apparently been dropped, but the justice ministry never took a clear position or gave any sign of trying to defend Pamuk".[46] Meanwhile, the lawyer who had led the effort to try Pamuk, Kemal Kerinçsiz, said he would appeal the decision, saying, "Orhan Pamuk must be punished for insulting Turkey and Turkishness, it is a grave crime and it should not be left unpunished."[45]

In 2006, the magazine Time listed Pamuk in the cover article "TIME 100: The People Who Shape Our World", in the category "Heroes & Pioneers", for speaking up.[47]

In April 2006, on the BBC's HARDtalk program, Pamuk stated that his remarks regarding the Armenian massacres were meant to draw attention to freedom of expression issues in Turkey rather than to the massacres themselves.[48]

On 19–20 December 2006, a symposium on Orhan Pamuk and His Work was held at Sabancı University, Istanbul. Pamuk himself gave the closing address.

In January 2008, 13 ultranationalists, including Kemal Kerinçsiz, were arrested by Turkish authorities for participating in a Turkish nationalist underground organisation, named Ergenekon, allegedly conspiring to assassinate political figures, including several Christian missionaries and Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink.[49] Several reports suggest that Pamuk was among the figures this group plotted to kill.[50][51][52] The police informed Pamuk about the assassination plans eight months before the Ergenekon investigation.[53]

Awards and honours

Nobel Prize

Wikinews has related news: Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk receives Nobel Prize

On 12 October 2006, the Swedish Academy announced that he had been awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, confounding pundits and oddsmakers who had concluded that Syrian poet Ali Ahmad Said, known as Adunis, was most likely to receive that year's award.[54] There were concerns within Turkey that the decision to award the Nobel Prize to Pamuk was politically motivated.[55] In its citation, the Academy said: "In the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city, [Pamuk] has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures."[56]

Pamuk held his Nobel Lecture on 7 December 2006 at the Swedish Academy, Stockholm. The lecture was entitled "Babamın Bavulu" ("My Father's Suitcase")[20] and was given in Turkish. In the lecture he allegorically spoke of relations between Eastern and Western civilizations using the theme of his relationship with his father.

What literature needs most to tell and investigate today are humanity's basic fears: the fear of being left outside, and the fear of counting for nothing, and the feelings of worthlessness that come with such fears; the collective humiliations, vulnerabilities, slights, grievances, sensitivities, and imagined insults, and the nationalist boasts and inflations that are their next of kin ... Whenever I am confronted by such sentiments, and by the irrational, overstated language in which they are usually expressed, I know they touch on a darkness inside me. We have often witnessed peoples, societies and nations outside the Western world–and I can identify with them easily–succumbing to fears that sometimes lead them to commit stupidities, all because of their fears of humiliation and their sensitivities. I also know that in the West–a world with which I can identify with the same ease–nations and peoples taking an excessive pride in their wealth, and in their having brought us the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and Modernism, have, from time to time, succumbed to a self-satisfaction that is almost as stupid.
— Orhan Pamuk, Nobel Lecture (translation by Maureen Freely)

Pamuk's books broke a record and sold over 200,000 copies after the announcement of his success, leading to him becoming Sweden's best-selling recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature.[57]

Other awards and honours

Doctorates, honoris causa
Honours

In 2005, Pamuk received the €25,000 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade for his literary work, in which "Europe and Islamic Turkey find a place for one another." The award presentation was held at Paul's Church, Frankfurt.

Bibliography

English
Turkish

References

  1. ↑ Kinzer, Stephen (1998-12-15). "A Novelist Sees Dishonor in an Honor From the State". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  2. ↑ "Müzemi bitirdim mutluyum artık". Hürriyet. 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2011-10-11. Altmış dile varmamıza şaşırdım. Bu yüksek bir rakam...
  3. ↑ "En çok kazanan yazar kim?". Sabah (in Turkish). 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
  4. ↑ http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=167161
  5. ↑ Wall, William (1 December 2010). "The Complexity of Others: The Istanbul Declaration of The European Writers' Conference". Irish Left Review. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  6. 1 2 Daren Butler and Ercan Ersoy, "Kerinçsiz puts patriotism before free speech, EU". Reuters via Turkish Daily News, 21 July 2006.
  7. 1 2 Hurriyet Daily News Orhan Pamuk to pay compensation for his words, court decides, Hurriyet Daily News, 27 March 2011
  8. ↑ Jaggi, Maya (2008-12-08). "Between two worlds". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  9. ↑ "SPIEGEL ONLINE — Orhan Pamuk and the Turkish Paradox". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  10. ↑ Peter Badge; Nikolaus Turner; Anders Barany; Chris Richmond; Wim Wenders (2007-11-20). Nobel Faces. Wiley. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4.
  11. ↑ Lyall, Sarah Turkish novelist given Nobel literature prize, New York Times, 12 October 2006.
  12. ↑ Becker, Carol (February 2008). "Orhan Pamuk in conversation with Carol Becker". The Brooklyn Rail.
  13. ↑ Allen, Jennifer (2008-06-30). "Orhan Pamuk cancels 'Museum of Innocence'". International News Digest. Artforum International Magazine Inc. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  14. ↑ Hot Property, Films. "The Innocence of Memories". www.HotPropertyFilms.com.
  15. ↑ Andrew, Pulver. "Innocence of Memories review". The Guardian newspaper. Guardian Newspaper UK.
  16. ↑ Pamuk, Orhan. "Innocence of Memories". www.orhanpamuk.net.
  17. ↑ Stocke, Joy E. The Melancholy Life of Orhan Pamuk, Wild River Review, 19 November 2007.
  18. ↑ Huseyin, Sefik (2012). "Orhan Pamuk's 'Turkish Modern': Intertextuality as Resistance to the East-West Dichotomy". International Journal of Radical Critique. 1 (2). Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  19. ↑ "orhan pamuk". YouTube. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  20. 1 2 "My Father's Suitcase" – Orhan Pamuk's Nobel Lecture, 2006 as translated from the Turkish by Maureen Freely. Also available from official Nobel Prize site
  21. ↑ Hurriyet, 2002-05-26
  22. ↑ "Hürriyet — Murat BARDAKÇI-Reşad Ekrem 'cemal áşığı' idi ama intihalci değildi!". Hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  23. ↑ "Gracetopia Blog".
  24. ↑ Liukkonen, Petri. "Orhan Pamuk". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015.
  25. ↑ "Orhan Pamuk: Avrupa'ya tam entegrasyon kaçınılmaz". Zaman. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2008-09-03. ...Pamuk, ölüm tehditleri ve kendisine karşı açılan davalara rağmen İstanbul'dan başka bir yerde yaşamayı düşünemediğini kaydetti.
  26. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pamuk-Its-no-secret-Kiran-is-my-girlfriend/articleshow/5522050.cms
  27. ↑ Vercihan Ziflioğlu (2012-01-11). "Pamuk has gone, says his artist lover". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  28. ↑ "Pamuk officially denies Karolin Fişekçi's statements". Hürriyet Daily News. 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  29. ↑ Simon Schama (2013-08-16). "Orhan Pamuk talks to Simon Schama". FT Magazine. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  30. ↑ Extremists Threaten to Burn Pamuk's Books – IFEX
  31. ↑ Peuwsen, Peer (2005-02-05). "Der meistgehasste Türke". Das Magazin (in German). Tages-Anzeiger. Man hat hier 30 000 Kurden umgebracht. Und eine Million Armenier. Und fast niemand traut sich, das zu erwähnen. Also mache ich es.
  32. ↑ Urus, Alper (2005-02-10). "1 milyon Ermeni'yi ve 30 bin Kürt'ü kestik mi?". Vatan (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-09-02.
  33. 1 2 Rainsford, Sarah (2005-12-14). "Author's trial set to test Turkey". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
  34. ↑ "Gergin Bir Mülakatti, Kişkirtildim". Haberpan.com. 2005-10-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  35. ↑ "Writer repeats Turk deaths claim". BBC News. 2005-10-23. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  36. ↑ "Turk writer's insult trial halted". BBC News. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  37. ↑ "Partial reprieve for Turk writer". BBC News. 2005-12-29. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  38. ↑ Camiel Eurlings MEP leads delegation to observe trial of Orhan Pamuk, EEP-ED.
  39. ↑ Article 301, Amnesty International. Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ PEN Protests Charges Against Turkish Author Orhan Pamuk, PEN American Center.
  41. ↑ Literary world backs Pamuk, NTV-MSNBC, 13 December 2005.
  42. ↑ http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/
  43. ↑ Aydin, Murat (2006-01-23). "Pamuk Case Dropped as Minister Says 'I have no Authorization for Permission'". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  44. 1 2 Hacaoglu, Selcan (2006-01-23). "Turkish court drops charges against novelist". The Independent. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  45. 1 2 Knight, Sam (2006-01-23). "Europe tells Turkey to drop all free speech cases". Times Online. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  46. ↑ Ersoy, Ercan (2006-01-22). "Turkey drops case against writer Pamuk". Reuters. Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  47. ↑ Chua-Eoan, Howard. Orhan Pamuk:Teller of the Awful Truth, Time. 25 April 2006, (in print in the 8 May 2006 issue.)
  48. ↑ Hardtalk in Turkey: Orhan Pamuk, Hardtalk, BBC News.
  49. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina. 13 Arrested in Push to Stifle Turkish Ultranationalists Suspected in Political Killings. New York Times. 28 January 2008.
  50. ↑ Lea, Richard (28 January 2008). "'Plot to kill' Nobel laureate". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  51. ↑ Plot to kill Orhan Pamuk foiled. The Times of India. 25 January 2008. Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ Lea, Richard (2008-01-28). "'Plot to kill' Nobel laureate". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  53. ↑ "Neonationalist organizations set to protest Ergenekon trial". Today's Zaman. 2008-10-14. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 2008-10-22. The police informed me about the details of an Ergenekon plot to kill me about eight months before the Ergenekon investigation fully started. The government assigned me a bodyguard. Now some papers understate this organization. I don't like talking about politics, but this is a reality. This organization exists. I have seen their plans; I have listened to their phone conversations about killing me.
  54. ↑ Lea, Richard (2006-10-12). "Orhan Pamuk wins Nobel prize". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 2008-09-02. At 7–1, 54-year-old Pamuk was third favourite with bookmakers Ladbrokes in the run up to the prize, following in the wake of perennial Nobel contender Ali Ahmad Said, the Syrian poet better known as Adonis (3–1) and the American author Joyce Carol Oates (6–1).
  55. ↑ Rainsford, Sarah (2006-10-13). "Pride and suspicion over Pamuk prize". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  57. ↑ "Orhan Pamuk's widely acclaimed novels Snow and My Name Is Red will be published in Kannada language by Peak Platform". orhanpamuk.net. 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  58. ↑ "2006 Nobel Prize-winner Orhan Pamuk to receive Washington University's inaugural Distinguished Humanist Medal Nov. 27" (Press release). Washington University in St. Louis. 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
  59. ↑ "Orhan Pamuk'a Legion D'honneur nişanı", Hurriyet, 2012.
  60. ↑ "VMFA and Library of Virginia Announce Art in Literature Award", VMFA, 24 September 2013.
  61. ↑ http://www.macedonia-online.com/orhan-pamuk-and-viktor-erofeyev-recipients-of-tabernakul-award
  62. ↑ http://www.emya2014.eu/index.php?page=207
  63. ↑ http://www.europanostra.org/news/508/
  64. ↑ Freie Universität Berlin Pressemitteilung (German)
  65. ↑ "Tilburg University honours Michael Ignatieff, Orhan Pamuk and Robert Sternberg with doctorates". Netherlands organization for international cooperation in higher education. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  66. ↑ "Orhan Pamuk: Heyecandan uyuyamadım". Sabah daily. 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  67. ↑ Office of Communications (2007-11-01). "Turkish Author Receives Honorary Degree". Georgetown University. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  68. ↑ "Turning Novel Ideas Into Inhabitable Worlds", Washington Post. Tuesday, 30 October 2007.
  69. ↑ Spain Ambassadorship. "Madrid university gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  70. ↑ Anatolia News Agency (2009-05-13). "Florance university gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  71. ↑ "American University of Beirut gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  72. ↑ Today's Zaman (2009-03-19). "University of Rouen gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Today's Zaman Daily News and Economic Review. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  73. ↑ Anatolia News Agency (2010-05-18). "Albanian university gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  74. ↑ Zaman (2010-05-25). "Yale university gives Orhan Pamuk honorary doctorate". Zaman Daily News and Economic Review. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  75. ↑ Standart (2011-04-11). "Doctor Honoris Causa for Orhan Pamuk". Standart daily. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  76. ↑ de Bellaigue, Christopher (19 March 2008). "Orhan Pamuk and the idea of the novelist", Times Literary Supplement.
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