Phosphorus selenide

Phosphorus selenides are a relatively obscure group of compounds. There have been some studies of the phosphorus - selenium phase diagram and the glassy amorphous phases are reported. The compounds that have been reported are shown below. While some are similar to their phosphorus analogues, the phosphorus sulfides, there are some new forms, molecular P2Se5 and the polymeric catena-[P4Se4]x. There is also some doubt about the existence of molecular P4Se10.

Crystallographically confirmed compounds

P2Se5

Molecular P2Se5 has a norbornane like structure with two phosphorus atoms with oxidation state +3 bridged by two diselenide units, (-Se-Se-), (analogous to disulfide) and one selenide unit(-Se-).[1] It was isolated by solvent (CS2) extraction from a P2Se5 amorphous phase made from the elements.[2]

P4Se3

P4Se3 has been characterised crystallographically and has the same structure as the low temperature form of P4S3.[3] It can be prepared from the elements. One preparation is to extract and recrystallise using tetralin.

P4Se5

The P4Se5 molecule has the same structure as P4S5.[4] It was prepared by reacting P4Se3 with bromine in CS2.

catena-[P4Se4]x

This compound consists of polymeric chains of norbornane-like units joined by Se atoms.[5] As each P atom in the repeat unit is bonded to another P atom and to two Se atoms, each P atom has a formal oxidation state of +2.

Compounds confirmed spectroscopically

P4Se4

P4Se4has two crystalline forms α-P4Se4 with the same molecular structure as α-P4S4 and β-P4Se4 with same molecular structure as β-P4S4.[6] A fully characterised compound (CuI)3P4Se4 contains P4Se4 with a β-P4S4 structure.[7]

P4Se7

This has been reported to have the same structure as P4S7.[8][9] One well-known textbook does not mention it at all.[10]

P4Se10

Molecular P4Se10 has been reported to share the same structure as P4S10 and P4O10,[8][9][11] but one well-known textbook does not mention it at all.[10] A review (2001) examining P-Se amorphous phases did not confirm the presence of molecular P4Se10.[12] The isoelectronic anion [Ge4Se10]4− which has the adamantane like P4O10 structure is known, an example is the sodium salt Na4Ge4Se10.[13]

Other compounds

P4Se6, P14Se, P4Se, P4Se2, P2Se, have been reported.[8]

Phosphorus - Selenium glasses

Phosphorus -selenium glasses have been examined using 31P NMR and Raman spectroscopy. Glasses are formed in PxSe1-x over the range of compositions 0 < x < 0.8 with a small window around 0.52-0.60 centred on 0.57 (corresponding to the compound P4Se3) where there is a tendency to crytallise. For x < 0.47 the glasses contain Sen chain fragments, pyramidal P units (P oxidation state +3), quasi-tetrahedral P units (P oxidation state +5, with P=Se double bond) and P2 units (P in formal oxidation state +4). There is no evidence for an amorphous phase containing molecular P4Se10.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Blachnik, R.; Lönnecke, P.; Boldt, K.; Engelen, B. (1994). "P2Se5". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 50 (5): 659–661. doi:10.1107/S0108270193010534. ISSN 0108-2701.
  2. ↑ Blachnik, Roger; Lönnecke, Peter (1992). "From P4Se3I2via P3Se4I to P2Se5". Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements. 65 (1-4): 103–106. doi:10.1080/10426509208055329. ISSN 1042-6507.
  3. ↑ Keulen, E.; Vos, A. (1959). "The crystal structure of P4Se3". Acta Crystallographica. 12 (4): 323–329. doi:10.1107/S0365110X59000950. ISSN 0365-110X.
  4. ↑ Penney, G. J.; Sheldrick, G. M. (1971). "Crystal and molecular structure of tetraphosphorus pentaselenide". Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical: 245. doi:10.1039/j19710000245. ISSN 0022-4944.
  5. ↑ Ruck, Michael (1994). "Darstellung und Kristallstruktur des ersten polymeren Phosphorselenidscatena-(P4Se4)x". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620 (10): 1832–1836. doi:10.1002/zaac.19946201028. ISSN 0044-2313.
  6. ↑ Blachnik, R.; Lönnecke, P.; Nuß, J. (1994). "Neues vom P4Se4". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620 (1): 160–166. doi:10.1002/zaac.19946200126. ISSN 0044-2313.
  7. ↑ Pfitzner, A.; Reiser, Sara (1999). "(CuI)3P4Se4: β-P4Se4Cages between Columns of Copper Iodide†". Inorganic Chemistry. 38 (10): 2451–2454. doi:10.1021/ic981042f. ISSN 0020-1669.
  8. 1 2 3 Corbridge, D.E.C (2013). Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology. CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group. p. 808. ISBN 978-1-4398-4088-7.
  9. 1 2 Devillanova, Francesco, ed. (2007). Handbook of Chalcogen Chemistry –New Perspectives in Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 9780854043668.
  10. 1 2 Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  11. ↑ Housecroft, Catherine E; Sharpe, Alan G (2005). Inorganic Chemistry (2d ed.). Pearson education. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.
  12. 1 2 Georgiev, D.; Mitkova, M.; Boolchand, P.; Brunklaus, G.; Eckert, H.; Micoulaut, M. (2001). "Molecular structure, glass transition temperature variation, agglomeration theory, and network connectivity of binary P-Se glasses". Physical Review B. 64 (13). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.134204. ISSN 0163-1829.
  13. ↑ Eisenmann, B.; Hansa, J. (1993). "Crystal structure of tetrasodium decaselenotetragermanate, Na4[Ge4Se10]". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 205 (Part-2): 325–326. doi:10.1524/zkri.1993.205.Part-2.325. ISSN 0044-2968.
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