Poisoned candy myths

Poisoned candy myths are urban legends about malevolent strangers hiding poisons or sharp objects such as razor blades, needles, or broken glass in candy and distributing the candy in order to harm random children, especially during Halloween trick-or-treating. These stories serve as modern cautionary tales to children and parents. These stories repeat two themes that are common in urban legends: danger to children and contamination of food.[1]

No cases of strangers killing or permanently injuring children this way have been proven. Commonly, the story appears in the media when a young child dies suddenly after Halloween. Medical investigations into the actual cause of death have always shown that these children did not die from eating candy given to them by strangers. However, in rare cases, adult family members have spread this story in an effort to cover up murder or accidental deaths. In other incidents, a child who has been told about poisoned candy places a dangerous object or substance in a pile of candy and pretends that it was the work of a stranger. This behavior is called the copycat effect.

Folklorists, scholars, and law enforcement experts say that these stories have been "thoroughly debunked".[2]

History

Claims that candy was poisoned or adulterated gained general credence during the Industrial Revolution, when food production moved out of the home or local area, where it was made in familiar ways by known and trusted people, to strangers using unknown ingredients and unfamiliar machines and processes.[3] Some doctors publicly claimed that they were treating children poisoned by candy every day. If a child became ill, and had eaten candy, the candy was widely assumed to be the cause. However, no cases of illness or death were ever substantiated.

In the 1890s and 1900s, tests by the US Bureau of Chemistry and other state agencies on hundreds of kinds of candy found no evidence of poisons or adulteration.[4] These tests revealed that inexpensive glucose (from corn syrup) was in common use for cheap candies, that some candies contained trace amounts of copper from uncoated copper cooking pans, and that coal tar dyes were being used for coloring, but there was no evidence of the many types of poison, industrial waste, garbage, or other adulterants alleged to be present. Eventually, the claims that children were being sickened by candy were put down to indigestion due to overeating, or to other causes, including food poisoning due to improper cooking, hygiene, or storage of meat and other foods.[3]

Development of the modern candy-tampering myth

Several events fostered the candy tampering myth.

In 1959, a California dentist, William Shyne, gave candy-coated laxative pills to trick or treaters. He was charged with outrage of public decency and unlawful dispensing of drugs.[5]

In 1964, an annoyed Long Island, New York woman gave out packages of inedible objects to children whom she believed were too old to be trick-or-treating. The packages contained items such as steel wool, dog biscuits, and ant buttons (which were clearly labeled with the word "poison"). Though nobody was injured, she was prosecuted and pleaded guilty to endangering children. The same year saw media reports of lye-filled bubble gum being handed out in Detroit and rat poison being given in Philadelphia, although these media reports were never substantiated to be actual events.[6]

Another notable milestone in the spread of the candy tampering myths was an article published in The New York Times in 1970. This article claimed that "Those Halloween goodies that children collect this weekend on their rounds of ‘trick or treating’ may bring them more horror than happiness", and provided specific examples of potential tamperings.[7]

Reports and copycat incidents peaked shortly after the Chicago Tylenol murders, which were first reported one month before Halloween in 1982.[8] This incident involved a murderer who added poison to a few bottles of over-the-counter medication after the medication had been delivered to stores.

Debunking the myths

Joel Best, a sociologist at the University of Delaware, specializes in the scholarly study candy-tampering legends. He collected newspaper reports from 1958 to 1983 in search of evidence of candy tampering.[8] Fewer than 90 instances might have qualified as actual candy tampering. In none of the cases does he attribute the events to "random attempts to harm children" at the Halloween holiday. Instead, most cases were attempts by adults to gain financial compensation or, far more commonly, by children to get attention.[1][9] Best found five child deaths that were initially thought by local authorities to be caused by homicidal strangers, but none of those were sustained by investigation.[1]

Fabrications by children are particularly common. Children sometimes copy or act out the stories about tampered candy that they overhear, by adding pins to or pouring household cleaners on their own candy and then reporting the now-unsafe candy to their parents.[5] In these incidents, the children have not been harmed; they know that the dangerous item is present and that it would be unsafe to eat the candy.

Far more prevalent during the same period were reports of vandalism, racist incidents, and children being injured in pedestrian–vehicle collisions on Halloween.[8]

Misattributed poisoning deaths

The deaths of five American children were initially blamed on stranger poisoning. However, none of these claims were sustained upon investigation.

Media and the myth

Despite these claims of poisoned candy being eventually proved false, the news media promoted the story continuously throughout the 1980s, with local news stations featuring frequent coverage. During this time cases of poisoning were repeatedly reported based on unsubstantiated claims or before a full investigation could be completed and often never followed up on. This one-sided coverage contributed to the overall panic and caused rival media outlets to issue reports of candy tampering as well. However, Joel Best says that the spread of the myth cannot be blamed solely on the media, and that it must have been transmitted via word of mouth as well.[1]

By 1985, the media had driven the hysteria about candy poisonings to such a point that an ABC News/Washington Post poll that found 60% of parents feared that their children would be injured or killed because of Halloween candy sabotage.

Advice columnists entered the fray during the 1980s and 1990s with both Ask Ann Landers and Dear Abby warning parents of the horrors of candy tampering:

"In recent years, there have been reports of people with twisted minds putting razor blades and poison in taffy apples and Halloween candy. It is no longer safe to let your child eat treats that come from strangers." –Ann Landers in 1995[12]
"Somebody's child will become violently ill or die after eating poisoned candy or an apple containing a razor blade." –Dear Abby in 1983[13]

This collective fear also served as the impetus for the "safe" trick-or-treating offered by many local malls.[14]

Social causes

The prevalence and persistence of these myths during the 1960s and 1970s, a time of social upheaval, greater racial integration, and improved status for women, reflected societal questions about who was trustworthy.[5]

Effects

Due to their fears, parents and communities restricted trick-or-treating and developed alternative "safe" events.

This story also promoted the sale of individually wrapped, brand-name candies and discouraged people from giving homemade treats to children.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Best, Joel; Gerald T. Horiuchi (1985). "The Razor Blade in the Apple: The Social Construction of Urban Legends". Social Problems. 32: 488–99. doi:10.2307/800777.
  2. ↑ Brunvand, Jan Harold (2012-01-01). Encyclopedia of Urban Legends. ABC-CLIO. p. 288. ISBN 9781598847208.
  3. 1 2 Kawash, Samira (2013). Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure. New York: Faber & Faber, Incorporated. pp. 27–72. ISBN 9780865477568.
  4. ↑ Kawash, Samira (2013). Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure. New York: Faber & Faber, Incorporated. pp. 64–66. ISBN 9780865477568.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Kawash, Samira (2013). Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure. New York: Faber & Faber, Incorporated. pp. 272–276. ISBN 9780865477568.
  6. ↑ "Deadly 'Tricks' Given Children in 3 States". The Milwaukee Journal. United Press International. November 2, 1964. p. A18.
  7. ↑ Klemesrud, Judy (October 28, 1970). "Those Treats May Be Tricks". The New York Times. p. 56.
  8. 1 2 3 Best, Joel (1993). Threatened Children: Rhetoric and Concern about Child-victims. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226044262.
  9. ↑ Adams, Guy (2012). "The Halloween poisoner has US in his grip: A new study casts doubt on an urban legend, but the myth of the deadly candy refuses to die," Independent (online, October 27), see , accessed 13 October 2015.
  10. ↑ Carroll, Aaron & Rachel Vreeman (2009). Don't Swallow Your Gum!: Myths, Half-Truths, and Outright Lies about Your Body and Health. Macmillan. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-312-53387-8.
  11. 1 2 3 Best, Joel. "Halloween Sadism: The Evidence". University of Delaware Faculty Pages. Retrieved October 27, 2014. Revised 2008 and 2011.
  12. ↑ Landers, Ann (October 31, 1995). "Twisted Minds Make Halloween a Dangerous Time". The Sunday Courier. p. 7B. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  13. ↑ Van Buren, Abigail (October 31, 1983). "A Night of Treats, Not Tricks". The Gainesville Sun. p. 13A. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  14. ↑ Bick, Julie (October 20, 2006). "This Halloween, Superheroes Will Head to the Mall". New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2012.

Further reading

External links

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