Protoreaster nodosus

Horned Sea Star
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Asteroidea
Order:	Valvatida
Family:	Oreasteridae
Genus:	Protoreaster
Species:	P. nodosus
Binomial name
Protoreaster nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Protoreaster nodosus, commonly known as the horned sea star or chocolate chip sea star,^[1] is a species of sea star found in the warm, shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region. They are sometimes seen in the marine aquarium trade.

Description

Dried specimen.

A group of knobby sea stars in Malaysia.

Dried sea stars for touristic trade in Philippines.

P. nodosus possess rows of spines or "horns"; black conical points arranged in a single row, radially on the dorsal side, which may erode and become blunt. These dark protrusions are used to scare away possible predators, by looking frightening or dangerous. On the ventral side, tube feet, purple in color (or pale, transparent pink), are arranged in rows on each arm. Most horned sea stars found are a roughly rigid five-pointed star-shape with tapering arms to the end, although there are anomalies like four or six-armed specimens; they may grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.^[2] The sea stars are usually colored in shades of red or brown, but can be light tan, the color of cookie dough. This appearance, combined with the small horns on its dorsal side, give the sea star a look similar to that of a bumpy cookie.

• 
• 
• 
  Oral face

Habitat and behavior

Horned sea stars prefer sheltered, sandy or slightly muddy bottoms more than hard substrata such as coral reef, and are frequently sighted conspicuously between the leaves of seagrasses on sea grass meadows or on blank stretch of coral sand. In shallow water, this species can be seen intertidally, occasionally exposed to the low tide. they do not withstand rapid changes well, however, and usually keep themselves underwater. Sometimes, many individuals of this species can be seen gathering on soft bottom with reason not very well known, probably to increase the chance of fertilization when spawning or simply a suitable feeding ground.

Horned sea stars seem to be opportunistic carnivores; adults are known to prey on most sessile life forms including hard corals and sponges in aquarium. In this same setting, they will hunt down snails and eat them. An individual of horned sea star also has been observed eating a sea urchin in their natural habitat. ^[3]

As with other tropical echinoderms, commensal animals like shrimps (of genus Periclimenes), tiny brittle stars and even juvenile filefish can be found on the surfaces of a horned sea star. This may be attributed to its protective nature, as there are few predators that would dare to eat this echinoderm.

Human relations

In aquaria

In aquariums, these sea stars like to climb around on glass and also filters, which they can disrupt. In public aquariums, these stars are sometimes target-fed with chopped squids, clams or shrimps, and are popular animals for touch pools as it is moderately large in number in some undisturbed areas. Horned sea stars need perfect water condition, suitable diet and proper acclimatization to thrive - thus, these sea stars sometimes do not fare very well. In reef aquariums, they are regarded as undesirable as they have destructive tendencies of toppling decors and digesting patches of corals and sessile organisms; they are reasonably safe if kept in a fish-only aquarium. However, the sea stars are desirable for their cute appearance and relatively non-aggressive behavior.

Overharvesting

In many tropical Asian and Pacific countries, horned sea stars are collected for sea shell trade for their ornate skeletons. In some areas overharvesting is an issue and reduces greatly the population of the echinoderms. A related species, the Atlantic Oreaster reticulatus, commonly known as Bahama Sea Star, is also a once-abundant species reduced in number due to the continuous harvesting by the industry and tourists alike.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protoreaster nodosus.

• Wild Fact Sheet's fact sheet for Protoreaster nodosus