Religion in Afghanistan

Islam in Afghanistan (2009 est.)[1]
religion percent
Sunni Islam
  
 84.7%
Shia Islam
  
 15.3%

Religion in Afghanistan (2009 est.)[1]

  Islam (99%)
  Other (1%)

The official religion in Afghanistan is Islam, which is practiced by over 99% of its citizens. As high as 80% of the population follow Sunni Islam.[2] The remaining are Shias.[3][4] Apart from Muslims, there are also small minorities of Sikhs and Hindus.[5][6]

History

Afghanistan Jews and Greeks all left an imprint on its early history. Following Alexander the Great's brief occupation in the 4th century BC, the successor-state Seleucid Empire controlled the area until 305 BC when they gave much of it to the Indian Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty. The Mauryans brought Buddhism from India and controlled southern Afghanistan until about 185 BC when they were overthrown.

In the 7th century, the Umayyad Arab Muslims entered into the area now known as Afghanistan after decisively defeating the Sassanians in the Battle of Nihawand (642 AD). Following this colossal defeat, the last Sassanid Emperor, Yazdegerd III, became a hunted fugitive and fled eastward deep into Central Asia. In pursuing Yazdegerd, the Arabs chose to enter the area from north-eastern Iran[7] and thereafter into Herat, where they stationed a large portion of their army before advancing toward the rest of Afghanistan. The Arabs exerted considerable efforts toward propagating Islam amongst the locals.

A large number of the inhabitants of the region of northern Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts, particularly under the reigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (caliph from 723 to 733) and Umar ibn AbdulAziz (caliph from 717 to 720).[8] During the reign of Al-Mu'tasim Islam was generally practiced amongst most inhabitants of the region and finally under Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, Islam was by far, the predominant religion of Kabul along with other major cities of Afghanistan. Later, the Samanids propagated Islam deep into the heart of Central Asia, as the first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred in the 9th century. Since the 9th century, Islam has dominated the country's religious landscape. Islamic leaders have entered the political sphere at various times of crisis, but rarely exercised secular authority for long. The remnants of a Shahi presence in Afghanistan's eastern borders were expelled by Mahmud of Ghazni during 998 and 1030.[9]

Until the 1890s, the country's Nuristan region was known as Kafiristan (land of the kafirs or "infidels") because of its inhabitants: the Nuristani, an ethnically distinctive people who practiced animism, polytheism and shamanism.[10]

Men praying at the Blue Mosque (or Shrine of Hazrat Ali) in the northern Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif.

The 1979 Soviet invasion in support of a communist government triggered a major intervention of religion into Afghan political conflict, and Islam united the multi-ethnic political opposition. Once the Soviet-backed Marxist-style regime came to power in Afghanistan, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) moved to reduce the influence of Islam. The "atheistic" and "infidel" communist PDPA imprisoned, tortured and murdered many members of the religious establishment.[11] After National Reconciliation talks in 1987, Islam became once again the state religion and the country removed the word "Democratic" from its official name. From 1987-1992, the country's official name was the Republic of Afghanistan[12] but today it is an Islamic Republic. For Afghans, Islam represents a potentially unifying symbolic system which offsets the divisiveness that frequently rises from the existence of a deep pride in tribal loyalties and an abounding sense of personal and family honor found in multitribal and multiethnic societies such as Afghanistan. Mosques serve not only as places of worship, but for a multitude of functions, including shelter for guests, places to meet and converse, the focus of social religious festivities and schools. Almost every Afghan has at one time during his youth studied at a mosque school; for some this is the only formal education they receive.

Minority religious groups

Shia Islam

The Shias make up between 7%[2] to 20%[3] of the total population of Afghanistan. Although there is a tiny minority Sunnis among them, the Hazaras are predominately and overwhelmngy Shia, mostly of the Twelver branch with some smaller groups who practice the Ismailism branch.[13][14] The Qizilbash Tajiks of Afghanistan have traditionally been Shias.[15]

Modernist and Nondenominational Muslims

One of the most important revivalists and resuscitators of the Islamic Modernist and non-denominational Muslim movement in the contemporary era was Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani.[16]

Zoroastrians

According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, 2,000 Afghans identified as Zoroastrians in 1970.[17]

Sikhs and Hindus

There are about 4,000 Afghan Sikhs and Hindus living in different cities but mostly in Kabul, Jalalabad, and Kandahar.[5][6] Senator Awtar Singh is the only Sikh in Afghanistan's parliament.[18]

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'i Faith was introduced to Afghanistan in 1919 and Bahá'í have been living there since the 1880s. Currently, there are approximately 400 Bahá'í (according to a recent estimate) in Afghanistan.[19]

Christianity

Some unconfirmed reports state that there are 500 to 8,000 Afghan Christians practicing their faith secretly in the country.[20] A 2015 study estimates some 3,300 believers in Christ from a Muslim background residing in the country.[21]

Judaism

There was a small Jewish community in Afghanistan who fled the country before and after the 1979 Soviet invasion, and one individual, Zablon Simintov, still remains today.[22] It is thought that there are between 500-1000 secret Jews in Afghanistan who were forced to convert to Islam after the Taliban took control of the country. There are Afghan Jewish communities in Israel, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "South Asia ::AFGHANISTAN". CIA The World Factbook.
  2. 1 2 "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Country Profile: Afghanistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. Library of Congress. August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2010-09-03. Religion: Virtually the entire population is Muslim. Between 80 and 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 to 19 percent, Shia.
  4. ↑ "Afghanistan". Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2010-09-03. Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%
  5. 1 2 Majumder, Sanjoy (September 15, 2003). "Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  6. 1 2 Melwani, Lavina (April 1994). "Hindus Abandon Afghanistan". New York: hinduismtoday.com. Archived from the original on 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2010-09-03. January Violence Is the Last Straw-After 10 Years of War, Virtually All 50,000 Hindus have Fled, Forsaking
  7. ↑ Arabic As a Minority Language By Jonathan Owens, pg. 181
  8. ↑ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 183
  9. ↑ Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan A New History. Psychology Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-415-29826-1.
  10. ↑ Klimberg, Max (October 1, 2004). "NURISTAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01.
  11. ↑ "COMMUNISM, REBELLION, AND SOVIET INTERVENTION". United Srares: Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  12. ↑ Vogelsang, Willem (2001). The Afghans. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  13. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica - Hazara (Race)
  14. ↑ Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "HAZĀRA". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2013-11-17. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  15. ↑ "Qizilbash". United States: Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  16. ↑ "Sayyid Jamal ad-Din Muhammad b. Safdar al-Afghan (1838–1897)". Saudi Aramco World. Center for Islam and Science. 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  17. ↑ http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/CDC/afghanistan.html. Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ http://www.sikhnet.com/news/afghanistan-dwindling-sikh-community-struggles-endure-kabul Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ U.S. State Department. "Afghanistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2007". The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  20. ↑ USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2009). "International Religious Freedom Report 2009". Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  21. ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Washingtonpost.com - Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only - N.C. Aizenman
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