Religious anti-Zionism

While anti-Zionism usually utilizes ethnic and political arguments against the existence or policies of the state of Israel, anti-Zionism has also been expressed within religious contexts which have, at times, colluded and collided with the ethnopolitical arguments over Israel's legitimacy. Outside of the liberal and socialist fields of anti-Zionist currents, the religious (and often ethnoreligious) arguments tend to predominate as the driving ideological power within the incumbent movements and organizations, and usually target the Israeli state's relationship with Judaism.

Within Judaism

In the early history of Zionism many traditional religious Jews opposed ideas of nationalism (Jewish or otherwise) which they regarded as a secular ideology, and because of an inherent suspicion of change. Key traditionalist opponents of Zionism included Isaac Breuer, Hillel Zeitlin, Aaron Shmuel Tamares, Hayyim, Elazar Shapiro (Muncatz), and Joel Teitelbaum, all waged ideological religious, as well as political, battles with Zionism each in their own way.^[1]

Today, the main Jewish theological opposition to Zionism stems from the Satmar Hasidim, which has more than 150,000 adherents worldwide. Even more strongly opposed to Zionism is the small Haredi Jewish organization known as Neturei Karta.,^[2][3][4] which has less than 5,000 members, almost all of whom live in Israel and Palestine. According to The Guardian, "[e]ven among Charedi, or ultra-Orthodox circles, the Neturei Karta are regarded as a wild fringe".^[5])

Today, one can find easy-to-read books explaining the rationale behind Anti-Zionism. Such books include "A Threat from Within" by Yakov M. Rabkin. Derech Hatosoloh by the "Rebbe" of Lev Tahor is a 540-page comprehensive and academic work in Hebrew explaining that in essence, Anti-Zionism is a fundamental Jewish value. The book can be downloaded online and is available in short from in French, English and Arabic.^[6]

It is dangerous and may be considered treason for preaching Anti-Zionism in Israel. Canada has admitted refugee cases based on such facts.^{[7][source needs translation]}

In Islam

Muslim anti-Zionism generally opposes the state of Israel as an intrusion into what many Muslims consider to be Dar al-Islam, a domain rightfully and permanently ruled only by Muslims.^[8][9][10] Once Islamic rule is established in a country, non-Muslims are given dhimmi status as protected from violence.^[11]

Palestinian and other Muslim groups, as well as the government of Iran (since the 1979 Islamic Revolution), insist that the State of Israel is illegitimate and refuse to refer to it as "Israel", instead using the locution "the Zionist entity" (see Iran–Israel relations). In an interview with Time Magazine in December 2006, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said "Everyone knows that the Zionist regime is a tool in the hands of the United States and British governments".^[12]

References

Zionism
Concepts	Zion Land of Israel Aliyah Yerida Homeland (proposals) Jewish state Law of Return Yishuv Territorialism Promised Land Settlement Negation of the Diaspora Revival of the Hebrew language Hebraization of surnames Judaization
Ideologies	Political Practical Synthetic General Labor Revisionist Reform Religious Cultural Federal Post-Zionism Neo-Zionism Non-Zionism Christian Muslim Kahanism Green
Organizations	Histadrut World Zionist Organization Zionist General Council Zionist Organization of America Religious Zionists of America Jewish National Fund Poale Zion Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish National Council Bnei Akiva Habonim Dror Hashomer Hatzair Haganah Hanoar Hatzioni World Agudath Israel Irgun Betar Lehi Jewish Party Jewish Resistance Movement Palmach Women's International Zionist Organization Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America Aytzim American Zionist Movement Am Yisrael Foundation Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland Institute for Zionist Strategies The JerUSAlem Connection International Fellowship of Christians and Jews Nefesh B'Nefesh Zionist Federation of Germany
History and timelines	History of Israel History of Zionism Balfour Declaration UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 Timeline of Zionism Israeli–Palestinian peace process History of the Arab–Israeli conflict
Related topics	List of Zionists Anti-Zionism The Holocaust Antisemitism New antisemitism Jewish Autonomism Jewish emancipation Jewish political movements Greater Israel Muscular Judaism Zionist political violence