Ring Road (Cairo)

The Cairo Ring Road is the most important freeway of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area in Egypt. The ring road encircles large parts of the cities of Cairo and Giza including Cairo International Airport.

Construction began in the late 1980s. It was originally planned to surround the greater Cairo region in 3 of its 4 sides,[1] but part of the road remains unbuilt because the original route took it very near the Giza pyramids, an area which has been on the UNESCO's World Heritage List since 1979.[2] It had two purposes: stopping the urbanization of arable lands, and reducing Cairo's traffic.

In the early 2000s, planning for the Second Greater Cairo Ring Road commenced, enclosing the larger metropolitan area including Al Shorouk City, New Cairo and Helwan in Cairo Governorate, Obour City in Qalyubia Governorate and 6th of October City in Giza Governorate, with some 200km of the eastern and southern part of the Second Ring Road being finished.

History

There were three master plans for the urban development of Cairo, in 1956, 1970 and 1983. Ring Road first appeared in the second plan as a beltway encompassing 3 of the 4 sides of the Greater Cairo region,[3] and linking all the 16 administrative regions that the plan created.[3] In the third master plan, approved in 1984 under the government of Hosni Mubarak and in collaboration with France, it appeared as a 73 km (45 mi) long beltway.[1][3] It would connect the new 16 administrative regions of the city and would isolate them from the rural areas.[3]

It was left unfinished due to part of the road passing too near the Pyramids of Giza (see other section in this article). The Egyptian government planned to close it by building a road over the Marioteya waterway.[4][5]

Purpose

Ring Road had the main purpose of stopping the urbanization of arable lands by creating a barrier around the Greater Cairo region.[3][6] It was unsuccessful, with the urbanization tripling in amount and the remaining arable land inside the perimeter being to all effects condemned to urbanization.[6] There were also negative effects, like settlements being cut in two parts, with the outer part getting isolated.[6] It also helped rich people create luxury urbanizations outside of the main city nucleus, following the example of American cities like Los Angeles and straying away from the European model of compact cities.[7]

A secondary purpose was to reduce the traffic inside the city.[6]

Giza controversy

Ring Road's original route in 1984 took it very near the Giza pyramids, an area which has been on the UNESCO's World Heritage List since 1979. In 1994 The Independent alerted the world[8] that the construction was probably destroying ancient burial sites since no proper controls were made.[9] Also, it would pass by the South of the Giza plateau, isolating it from the open desert by surrounding it with roads on its four sides and bringing enormous urbanistical pressure.[9] The UNESCO pressured the Egyptian government, causing in 1995 the halting of the construction of that part of the road.[2] A UNESCO committee recommended in 1995 to by follow the Mariutiya Canal or the El Mansuriya Canal, thus passing the road North of the plateau.[10] In 2002 there were discussions about building an underpass or a tunnel.[11]

Other

The total length of the ring road in 2001 was about 72 km (45 mi)[12] with more than 50% on desert land, 15% in urbanized area, and 35% on arable land.[13] The highway has eight lanes. The total budget for the project was 3 billion Egyptian pounds.[4][13]

The ring road connects to the Cairo–Alexandria highway, near the pyramids at Giza.[14]

Second and third ring roads have been proposed for Cairo.[15]

In 2010, a report commissioned by the World Bank and the government of Egypt found that the city was still severely congestioned, and identified many problematic spots, many of them on the Ring Road.[16]

In 2013, The Cairo Post said that lack of public transport, bad design and lack of maintenance have caused the road to be congested and a "death trap" for drivers. For example, the entries and exits are too narrow, they are in bad state, they transition too abruptly from sandy roads, they are in bad state or covered with sand, there are too few of them and people have to travel long distances through bad roads to reach the nearest entry. It's a problem for pedestrians because there are no sideways, no pedestrian crossings, no pedestrian bridges, and no protected sideways for people who are waiting for public transportation.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 André Raymond (2000). Cairo (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3. A third master plan was prepared in 1983. (...) It envisaged the completion of the beltway, or "Ring Road", which would encircle the urban area along only three-fourths of its circumference (73 kilometers) so as not to encourage the urban development of agricultural zones.
  2. 1 2 Galila El Kadi, Dalia Elkerdany (2006). "Belle-epoque Cairo: The politics of refurbishing the downtown business district". In Diane Singerman, Paul Amar. Cairo cosmopolitan: politics, culture, and urban space in the globalized Middle East (illustrated ed.). American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-977-424-928-0.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Nezar Alsayyad (2011). Cairo: Histories of a City (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN 978-0-674-04786-0. Connecting all of these new areas, away from areas of arable land, is a seventy-three-kilometer automotive beltway, called the Ring Road.
  4. 1 2 "Cairo Ring Road". www.egypt-cairo.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Development (n.d.). "The National Urban Development Plan In the Arab republic of Egypt. Chapter: The Project Of Developing El-remaya Square And The SurroundingAreas" (PDF). p. 38. Implementing the connection of the eastern and western arcs of the ring road (El Maroteya axes). It will be finished through 24 months.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Elena Piffero (2009). What happened to participation? Urban development and authoritarian upgrading in Cairo's informal neighbourhoods. Libera la ricerca. Odoya srl. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-88-96026-18-2.
  7. ↑ Antonio Marquina Barrio and Antonio Marquina (2004). Environmental challenges in the Mediterranean 2000-2050. Springer. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4020-1949-4.
  8. ↑ Samir Gharib (June 1997), "Ancient and modern Egypt come face to face", UNESCO courier
  9. 1 2 Nicholas Schoon (19 December 1994), "Egypt threatened over roads `vandalism' near pyramids", The Independent, London
  10. ↑ "VII. 34 Memphis and its necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dashur (Egypt)", Decision - 19COM VII.C.2.35/36 - SOC: Islamic Cairo (Egypt), UNESCO, 4 December 1995, p. 24 in original document
  11. ↑ Underpass or tunnel? (589), Al-Ahram, 6–12 June 2002
  12. ↑ Lothar Beckel (2001). Mega cities: the European Space Agency's contribution to a better understanding of a global challenge. GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenb. GmbH. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-85313-051-3.
  13. 1 2 "Transport Planning: Greater Cairo Ring Road". www.ace-mb.com. ACE Moharram.Bakhoum. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  14. ↑ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2009). The State of African Cities 2008: A Framework for Addressing Urban Challenges in Africa. UN-HABITAT. p. 66. ISBN 978-92-1-132015-2.
  15. ↑ World Congress, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (2001). Tall buildings and urban habitat: cities in the third millennium. Taylor & Francis. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-415-23241-8.
  16. ↑ ECORYS Nederland BV and SETS Lebanon, managed by a World Bank team (November 2010), Cairo Traffic Congestion Study. Phase 1. Final Report. (PDF)
  17. ↑ Aya Nabil (13 October 2013), "Cairo's Ring Road becomes a death trap", The Cairo Post

External links

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