Shawish clan
Shawish (Shaweesh, Shawesh) (الشاويش, شاويش, الشاوش, Arabic) is a large and widespread Palestinian family originated from Damascus Gate neighbourhood of East Jerusalem, Israel. Shawish as a surname is also widely used throughout the world. Other families with the Shawish surname originated from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco.
The Shawish surname has several variations in languages other than Arabic. Written Arabic language frequently omits vowels, therefore the surname is often spelt using only plain Arabic alphabet, literally as "Shawesh". "Al-" or "El", meaning "family of" or "the" in Arabic, is often used as a prefix to names in formal identifications. English or other languages translations of the surname therefore vary, some common versions include:(Al) Shawish; Shawish; (El) Shawesh; Shaweesh
Origin
Origin and migration of Shawish family.
Shawish Neighbourhood, Old City of Jerusalem.
Several Islamic historians assert that the Shawish family is a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. This claim is based on verifiable historical documents describing the link through "twenty four men" (generations) between Muhammad and Ustaz Mohammad Zuhayr Al-Shawish (see below)[1]
The Hashemi clan, to which Muhammad belonged, was the ancestors of Al-Husayni clan through Husayn ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson, whose members migrated from Mecca to neighbouring countries in the Levant region to fight the crusaders. In the 13th century after Saladin victory over the crusaders, Al-Husayni clan settled in Jerusalem, expanded to thousands of members and gained power and influence.[2]
During the periods of Ottoman Empire and British Mandate of Palestine, and due to significant historical and political events in Jerusalem, some of Al-Husayni individuals adopted new surnames drawn from their professions.[2] Within the Shawish family, it is widely believed that the name Shawish (meaning Police or Army Sergeant) started from a policeman in the Old City of Jerusalem at that time, around the end of the 19th century.
An early record of the surname Shawish was in a British Newspaper “The New Age” article in 1910. The article discussed several current affairs in Egypt and made reference to Sheykh Abdul Aziz Shawish or as Egyptians pronounce it (Gawish), as in Arabic his name is written عبد العزيز جاويش, editor of ”Al Lewa'” newspaper at that time.[3]
Migration
The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the city of Jerusalem following the 1967 Six-Day War had forced some family members to immigrate to neighbouring countries, primarily to Amman, the Jordanian capital.
Modern-day
At present time the remaining Shawish family is one of the largest pre-1948 Palestinian families in the Old City of Jerusalem.[2][4] In addition to the main bases of Jerusalem and Jordan, where the family has very strong presence; many of the younger members of the family have emigrated for economic and educational reasons and currently reside in the United States, UAE, and smaller in numbers in Syria, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, Brazil, Mexico, UK, and many other countries.
Occupation
Traditionally tradesmen and small business owners, currently many of the family members run their own small retail businesses in Jerusalem, Jordan, and to lesser extent in other countries. It is common to see signs above small shops saying “Al-Shawish” in the Old City of Jerusalem or downtown Amman. Some members of Shawish family have also entered mid-market professions; IT, Finance, Management, Sales and Marketing, Education and other Trades. The family is not known to have many craftsmen, civil servants, police or army personnel.
Notable family members
List of notable family members according to their locations in alphabetical order.
The Americas
- Abdul Shawish (Al-Shawish), Hollywood Actor, acted in several movies including Glitter (2001)[5][6] and Serendipity (2001),[7] California, United States.
- Ali Hussein Elchawich, Eastern Michigan University
- Fatima Hussein Elchawich, Wayne State University, Biochemistry research
- Haj Hussein (Sam Alshawish), Master of Science in International Administration, United States. Business Development Manager at PepsiCo/ Frito Lay North America (2007- Present)
- Mohammad Hussein Elchawich, University of Michigan, Management
- Kayid Shawish, Professional Poker Player, Virginia, United States.
- Kayid is one of the top 25 winners of the following National Tournaments:[8]
- United States Poker Championship, Event #19 - 5th place, October 4, 2007.
- Borgata Summer Open, Event #3 - 16th place, June 15, 2007.
- Harrah’s Atlantic City Poker Tournament, WSOP Circuit Event - 23rd place, March 6, 2007.
- Harrah's Atlantic City Poker Tournament, WSOP Circuit Event - 16th place, December 12, 2006.
- 4th Borgata Poker Open / WPT Event Season 5 / PPT Event - 21st place. September 16, 2006.
- Kayid is one of the top 25 winners of the following National Tournaments:[8]
Europe
- Kaied Shawish, Business Development Director, Pearson VUE (Education) (2013 - present). Dubai, UAE[9]
Business Development Director, Harvest International Ltd (Real Estate) (2006–present). London, UK.[10]
- Dr. Samir El Shawish, Author, Research Fellow, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Some of the articles published by Samir Shawish relating to Physics science:
- Thermal entanglement of qubit pairs on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice.[11]
- In-Gap Spin Excitations and Finite Triplet Lifetimes in the Dilute Singlet Ground State System.[12]
- Spin-polaron excitations in a doped Shastry-Sutherland model.[13]
- Dynamic Spin Structure Factor of SrCu2(BO3)2 at Finite Temperatures.[14]
- Electron Spin Resonance of SrCu2(BO3)2 at High Magnetic Field.[15][16]
- Anomalous scaling of conductivity in integrable fermion systems.[17]
- High Field Specific Heat of 2D Quantum Spin System SrCu2(BO3)2.[18]
- Finite Temperature Dynamical Correlations using the Microcanonical Ensemble and the Lanczos Algorithm.[19]
- Numerical study of the E Ø e Jahn-Teller polaron and bipolaron.[20]
- Some of the articles published by Samir Shawish relating to Physics science:
- Wael Shawish, Palestinian Rights Activist, Say No to War, Edinburgh, Scotland.[21]
Iraq
- 'Abdul 'Aziz Shawish, Head of the Parliamentary Commission for Financial Affairs (2000–2003), Baghdad, Iraq.[22][23]
- Bruska Shawish, Iraqi Deputy Defence Minister (2005–2006). Baghdad, Iraq.[24]
- Rosh Noori Shawish, Interim Vice-President of Iraq (2003–2005), Iraq.[25][26][27]
Jordan
- Dr. Mohammed Shawish, manager of "Family Medical Center" and the charity medical organization and center "Shawish Medical Center" he is a professional consultant of family medicine[28]
- A/Prof Ashraf Ibrahim Shaweesh, Associate Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy[28] and Assistant Dean[29] at the Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. Dr. Ashraf Shaweesh holds a bachelor's degree in Dental Surgery from JUST (1999) and a Ph. D in Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy from The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (2006).[30][31] His Ph. D was based on a study conducted jointly between the School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne[32] and the Genetic Health Services Victoria.[33] A selection of Dr. Ashraf Shaweesh's publications includes:
- AL-Omiri MK, Barghout NH, Shaweesh AI, Malkawi Z. Level of education and gender-specific self-reported oral health behavior among dental students. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry 2011; 2012;10(1):29-35
- Shaweesh AI. Expression of Carabelli's trait in the Jordanian population. International Journal of Stomatology and Occlusion Medicine 2012; 5(2):77-82
- Shaweesh AI. Clinical duration of permanent tooth eruption in Jordanians: from emergence to functional eruption. International Journal of Stomatology and Occlusion Medicine 2012; 5(2):70-76
- Masadeh MM, Mhaidat NM, Alzoubi KH, Al-Azzam SI, Shaweesh AI. Ciprofloxacin-induced antibacterial activity is reversed by vitamin E and vitamin C. Current Microbiology 2012; 64(5):457-462
- Shaweesh AI. Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population. Archives of Oral Biology 2012; 57(2): 122-130
- Shaweesh AI. Polymorphisms in sequence of permanent tooth emergence: a cross-sectional study on Jordanian children and adolescents. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2012 Jan 3. [Early online - Epub ahead of print]
- Khraisat A, Alsoleihat F, Shaweesh AI, Sawair FA. Entoconulid (cusp 6), metaconulid (cusp 7), post-metaconulid and pre-entoconulid expression on the permanent mandibular first molar in the living Jordanian population and inter-trait interactions. Odontostomatol Trop – Tropical Dental Journal (O.S.T – T. D. J) 2011; 34(136),11-19
- Shaweesh AI, Al-Omiri MK, Alsoleihat FD. Variation in time of emergence of permanent teeth among urban and rural Jordanian school children. Saudi Medical Journal 2011; 32(10):1066-1072
- Thomas CDL, Claes PDH, Shaweesh AI, Clement JG. Three-dimensional facial shape archetypes for identification and diagnosis. In: Lestrel PE., Biological Shape Analysis – Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium. Tsukuba, Japan, 3–6 June 2009, pp 131–144
- Shaweesh AIM, Clement JG, Thomas CDL, Bankier A. Construction and use of facial archetypes in anthropology and syndrome diagnosis. Forensic Science International (Supplement) 2006; 159:175-185
- Shaweesh AI, Thomas CDL, Clement JG. Investigation of ethnic differences in facial morphology by three-dimensional averaging, Chapter 16 In: Clement JG. & Marks MK. Computer-graphic facial reconstruction. Boston, MA, Academic Press. 2005; pp307–324.
- Shaweesh AI, Thomas CDL, Clement JG, Bankier A. Delineation of facial archetype by three-dimensional averaging. Annals of Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons 2004; 17, 73-79.
- Ayat Al-Shawish, Representative of “We are all Jordan” student movement at Alzarqa private University. (2008). Alzarqa, Jordan.[34]
- A’abeer Al-Shawish, Head Teacher, Al-Qaru’wan College (2004–present), Jordan.[35]
- Ahmad Al-Shawish, Artist (Painter) and Art Critic, Jordan.[36]
- Dr. Ghaleeb Al-Shawish, Head of Education, Muslim Brotherhood (2004–present). Ma'an, Jordan.[37]
- Dr Hassan Al-Shawish, Consultant & Specialist in Blood Illnesses, King Hussein Regional Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.[38][39][40]
- Ismael Al-Shawish, Member of the supervisory committee for the Veterinary Trade Union management election. (2008). Amman, Jordan.[41]
- Khaldoun Shawish, General Manager, Limana Cafe, Amman, Jordan (2009–present).[42]
- Khalil Al-Shawish, Film Director (Music video), Head of Montage, Nurmena TV, Jordan.
- Omar Al-Shawish, Flash Director (Animation), Jordan.[46]
- deal with:Flash animation, e-Learning, Flash websites, interactive CD and Animated cartoon.[47]
- Majdi Al-Beit Shawish, Chief Executive Officer of Estarta Solutions (2005–present). Amman, Jordan.[48]
- Manal Shawish, Athlete (Swimming), Runner-up in Al-astiklal Championship 2006 (Kingdom level), Amman, Jordan.[49]
- Mohammed Younis Abdullah Al-Shawish , Winner of the 2nd Scholarship prize in the Philadelphia University’s cultural competition. (2008). Amman, Jordan.[50]
- Mohammad Zuhair Al-Shawish, Athlete (football). Defender at Al Faisaly (Amman) Football club (2005–present). Amman, Jordan.[51]
- Muhammad Al-Shawish, Member of Local Committee for Education and Teaching (2003–2005), Ma'an, Jordan.[52]
- Nadia Al-Shawish, The only female member of the Administrative Board of the Banking Union (2005–present), Amman, Jordan.[53]
- Dr. Naief Al-Shawish, Junior Minister of Education for Centre Provinces (2005–present.), Jordan.[54]
- Othman Al-Shawish, Member of Engineers Trade Union (White Islamic List) 2006, Al-Zarqa, Jordan.[55]
- Rabeha Al-Shawish , Athlete (Karate) Winner of “We are all Jordan” competition for Karate at the country level for females. Rabeha competed with a brown belt and represented Althaer Karate Club. (2009) Amman, Jordan.[56]
- Rakana Ghalib Mohammed Al-Shawish, Elected as representative of the Students Union at Alhusain Ibn Talal university in Ma’an. (2008). Ma'an, Jordan.[57]
- Ramsay Al-Shawish, Head of Alzarqa Department of Trade and Industry. (2006–present). Alzarqa, Jordan.[58][59]
- Rasha Shawish, News Reporter, Islah News, (2012–present) Jordan.[60]
- Some articles written by Rasha include:
- Sa’aed Muslim Al-Shawish, Member of Union Workers of the Mines and Mining, Jordan.[64]
- Zeed Al-Shawish, Athlete and Gold Medal Winner in Karate(Kingdom level), 2005, Jordan.[65]
Lebanon
Hassan Zouhair Elchawich, Lebanese International University, Biomedical Engineering (2016)
- Khaled Shawish, Senior Commander, Fatah al-Islam Palestinian militant group (2002–present). Nahr al-Bared UNRWA Palestinian refugee camp, Lebanon. Khaled led the Fatah al-Islam team to the cease fire negotiation with the Lebanese army in August 2007 after 8 weeks of fighting at Nahr al-Bared.[66][67][68]
- Musa Al-Shawish, Athlete (Karate). Silver medal winner in South Karate Championship, 90 kg (2005). Lebanon.[69]
- Ustaz Zuhayr Al-Shawish (Shaweesh), Head of Al-Maktab Al-Islami, Lebanon,[70] contemporary Salafism Scholar, Writer and Publisher. From amongst the books he has published is the book of Islamic creed, "Al-`Aqeedah al-Tahawiyyah"[71] (See also Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi). Ustaz Zuhayr was chosen as the Personality of the Year (2004) by Dar Al-Fatwa and Islamic Organizations in Lebanon.[72] Several Islamic Historians claim that Sheikh Zuhayr is a descendant of Prophet Mohammad. His full name is Mohammad Zuhayr bin Mustafa Al-Shawish Al-Husayni Al-Hashemi (Al-Hashemi is the name of Prophet Mohammad’s clan).[1]
Libya
- Professor Bashir Shawish , Professor of English & translation. Member of Association of Professors of English and Translation at Arab Universities. (1997–present) Libya.[73]
- Hassouna Shawesh (Al-Shawesh), Deputy Foreign Minister, Libya (2004–2006) Foreign Minister, Libya (2006–Present), Tripoli, Libya[74][75]
Palestine
- Inas Shawish, Founder of The Open Workshop for Culture and Art (OWCA) (2001–present). Ramallah, Palestine.[80]
- Jamal Shawish, Founder and Head of Rose; a charity that represents thousands of disabled people in the Old City of Jerusalem.[81]
- Majd Shawish, Founder of Palestinian Company for e-commerce (iTop).[82]
- Khaled (Khalid) Jamal Mussah Shawish, Fatah Military Officer, Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades leader in Ramallah, Palestine.
- Born in 1971 in Jenin, West Bank, Khaled Shawish is a well-known Palestinian militant under Yasser Arafat’s Fatah party, and one of Arafat’s trusted men.[83][84] He was involved in several attacks in Israel and was on Israeli Army's most-wanted list for many years before his arrest in February 2007.[85] Shawish is accused for the killing of Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, son of Rabbi Meir Kahane. During his fighting Shawish carried out a few interviews with Reuters and NBC News, voicing his loyalty to Palestine and encouragement for support and resistance against the Israeli occupation.[84][86] Khalid was sentenced to ten life sentences in prison in December 2008 from an Israeli military court in Ofer. At the time, he was partially paralyzed due to an assassination attempt on his life before his arrest.
- Khaled Yussef Shawish (1969–1989), Victim of the "Jaffa Gate Shooting" (10 April 1989). Khaled was shot and killed by an unidentified gunman dressed in Israeli Defence Force uniform and armed with a sub-machine gun.[87] Three Jewish extremists were arrested and charged for the anti-Arab crime.[88][89][90]
- Nasser Shawish, Senior Islamic Jihad figure in Jenin.[91] Nasser was responsible for the organization of the King George street (Jerusalem) attack on 21-March-2002, in which three Israelis were killed[92]
Other countries
- Sheykh Abdul Aziz Shawish, Editor of “Al Lewa,” Newspaper (1907). Cairo, Egypt.[93]
- Dr. Basima Al-Shawish, Senior Researcher, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia.[94]
- Fayza Al-Shawish, Artist (Acting). Fayza starred a radio comedy "small worries" at Damascus Radio Channel. (2009). Damascus, Syria.
- Mohammed Al-Shawish, Lawyer, Head of Prosecution at Sana'a high court(2005–present). Sana'a, Yemen. Mohammed leads the prosecution lawyers team in a high-profile trial of Mohammed Al-Asadi, the Editor-in-Chief of the Yemen Observer for publishing cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad.[95]
- Dr Mohammed Abdullah Shawish, Director of Jeddah Mental Hospital (2004–present). Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[96]
- Mohammad Jamal Al Shawish, Regional Representative of The Middle East Council of Shopping Centers (2012–present). Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.[97]
- Dr. Othman Shawesh, Environment Expert for the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, Khartoum, Sudan,[98] previously Head of Range and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Libya,[99] also Chairman of the National Committee to Combat Desertification.[100]
- Dr. Shawesh also carried out several studies and wrote a number of publications, including:
- Aridity and Desertification and Their Effects on Food Security (1996).[101]
- Basic Nutrient Constituents for Some Range Plants in Bir Al-Ghanam Range Project.[102]
- Atriplex Species and their Importance in Range Improvement in the North African Countries of the Green Belt Project.[103]
- Evaluation of Development Potentials of Existing Range Projects in Western Libya.[104]
- A Study of Reconnaissance Inventory and Improvement of Libyan Rangelands.[105]
- Dr. Shawesh also carried out several studies and wrote a number of publications, including:
- Saleh al-Habib Saleh al-Shawish, al-Qaeda operative, an explosives expert and a member of Hamza al-Quaiti terrorist cell, Yemen[106]
External links
- Virtual Tour of the Damascus Gate (Jerusalem) - December 2007
- Virtual Tour of the Arab Quarter of the Old City (Jerusalem) - December 2007
References
- 1 2 "Sheikh Zuhayr Al-Shawish and His Conservation of Islamic Authentic Heritage". Al-‘ateebi, Bader bin Ali bin Tammi. Al Riyadh Daily Newspaper. 14 November 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
- 1 2 3 "Arab Hebronites who came to Jerusalem after 1948 dominate Jerusalem Arab society today". Danny Rubenstein, Ha'aretz. 2001-06-06. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
- ↑ Pickthall, Marmaduke, "The Situation in Egypt". A Reply to Duse Mohamed. The New Age. Vol. VII. No. 9. JUNE 30, 1910. London. UK
- ↑ "Amnesty International (2000), Report: "Israel and the Arab Occupied Land of Israel: Mass arrests and police brutality", 10 November, AI Index: MDE 15/058/2000".
- ↑ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 22 May 2011.
- ↑ "Glitter". 21 September 2001 – via IMDb.
- ↑ "Abdul Alshawish".
- ↑ "Poker Pages, Professional Poker Player Profile: Kayid Shawish".
- ↑ https://www.linkedin.com/in/kaied
- ↑ Harvest International company profile
- ↑ S. El Shawish, A. Ramsak, J. Bonca. Phys. Rev. B 75, 205442 (2007).
- ↑ S. Haravifard, S. R. Dunsiger, S. El Shawish, B. D. Gaulin, H. A. Dabkowska, M.F. Telling, J. Bonca. physics.str-el.
- ↑ S. El Shawish, J. Bonca. physics.str-el.
- ↑ S. El Shawish, J. Bonca, I. Sega. physics.str-el.
- ↑ S. El Shawish, J. Bonca, C. D. Batista, I. sega. physics.cond-mat (physics.stat-mech).
- ↑ "Site homepage" – via scitation.aip.org.
- ↑ P. Prelovsek, S. El Shawish, X. Zotos, M. Long. physics.str-el.
- ↑ G. A. Jorge, R. Stern, M. Jaime, N. Harrison, J. Bonca, S. El Shawish, C. D. Batista, H. A. Dabkowska, B. D. Gaulin. Phys. Rev. B 71, 092403 (2005).. physics.str-el.
- ↑ M. W. Long, P. Prelovsek, S. El Shawish, J. Karadamoglou, X. Zotos. physics.str-el (physics.stat-mech).
- ↑ S. El Shawish, J. Bonca, Li-Chung Ku, S. A. Trugman. physics.str-el.
- ↑ "Say no to War. Edinburgh, Scotland".
- ↑ Pike, John. "RFE/RL iraq Report".
- ↑ Administrator. "Iraq Looks to Free Trade Accords".
- ↑ "Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal".
- ↑ The Associated Press APTN (2004), “Iraq Preview”, Story Number: 425198, Tape Number: EF04/0813, 14 August 2004, accessed 13 October 2007
- ↑ "Baghdad conference debates interim assembly". 15 August 2004.
- ↑ "Le Monde des Parlements - N°15".
- 1 2 http://www.just.edu.jo/faculty/staff.aspx?fac_id=5&dept_id=39
- ↑ http://www.just.edu.jo/faculty/Deanship.aspx?fac_id=5&dept_id=1&cat_id=50&prog_id=1
- ↑ "Melbourne Dental School" (PDF).
- ↑ http://www.vifm.org/attachments/o153.pdf
- ↑ "Melbourne Dental School" (PDF).
- ↑ http://www.craniofacialgenetics.org/forum/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=10.0;attach=7
- ↑ This is my experience cultural initiative at Alzarqa private university
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "Check Out Our Latest News & Events - King Hussein Cancer Foundation".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ King Hussein Cancer Centre, KHCC Faculty, Profile: Dr. Hassan Shawish, accessed 13 October 2007
- ↑ Announcement of the supervisory committee for the Veterinary Union
- ↑ "جريدة الغد".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ Dr. Saeed yakteen - Arab-ewriters web site 2007
- ↑ "Arab E-Writers".
- ↑ "Estarta - Error".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ Philadelphia announces its cultural competition
- ↑ "List of players (AL Faisaly). Naseej Sports News".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ Saqer Quraish wins “we are all Jordan” Karate competition
- ↑ Alhusain announces the elected students union members
- ↑ Department of trade and industry in Alzarqa receives 800 complaints about share trade companies
- ↑ A meeting between traders and Head of Alzarqa Department of Trade and Industry
- ↑ "مهرجان الفكر الجديد يفجر طاقات الشباب الابداعية".
- ↑ "مهرجان الفكر الجديد يفجر طاقات الشباب الابداعية".
- ↑ "نصائح لكي تظهري بشكل اصغر عند وضع المكياج".
- ↑ "فكر جديد .. داعم للشباب وملبٍ لطموحاتهم".
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ Lebanese army advances on Fatah al-Islam positions, killing 16 militants. Xinhua News Agency, June 9, 2007
- ↑ "Standing firm against Fatah al-Islam". 23 June 2007.
- ↑ Designation of Fatah al-Islam under Executive Order 13224.M2 Presswire. August 13, 2007
- ↑ "المبرات تستضيف بطولة الكاراتيه جنوباً".
- ↑ "Sudan Human Rights Organisation (SHRO) Cairo (2000), The Crisis of Religious Faith and Ruling Politics, a Critique of the International Haraka Islamiya Call to Ahl Al-Sudan (1)".
- ↑ al-`Aqeedah al-Tahawiyyah
- ↑ "رابطة أدباء الشام - الرئيسية".
- ↑ "Association of Professors of English and Translation at Arab Universities".
- ↑ "Government of Libya".
- ↑ Libya committed to pay aid to the Palestinians
- ↑ "BBC NEWS - Africa - Hints on Libya-Israel relations".
- ↑ "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Analysis: Gaddafi keeps West guessing".
- ↑ "FT.com / Search".
- ↑ "Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis".
- ↑ The Open Workshop for Culture and Art (OWCA)
- ↑ "The forgotten constituency". 30 May 2003.
- ↑ October 2009 Expotech Technology Week 2009, Technology Entrepreneurship Forum, Participated Projects
- ↑ "Deal made to keep militants in Arafat headquarters". 3 August 2003.
- 1 2 "The World Today - Palestinians warned against collaborating with Israel".
- ↑ "Barak in Runoff to Lead Israeli Labor Party". The New York Times. 29 May 2007.
- ↑ "Middle East / Israelis vs. Palestinians / Powell Visit / Shawish -- Nov 21, 2004 -- NBC -- TV news: Vanderbilt Television News Archive".
- ↑ REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ISRAELI PRACTICES AFFECTING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE POPULATION OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, 12 October 198 9
- ↑ Cody, Edward. The Washington Post, April 12, 1989.
- ↑ Yehuda Litani. TWO PARTS OF A CITY. Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem. April 14, 1989
- ↑ Izenberg Dan & Getzler Dvorah. 3 HELD AS SEARCH MOUNTED FOR JAFFA GATE GUNMAN. Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem. April 12, 1989.
- ↑ "IMRA - Sunday, June 2, 2002 ISA ARRESTS YOUNG PALESTINIAN WOMAN INVOLVED IN 21.March.2002 JERUSALEM BOMBING".
- ↑ "IMRA - Wednesday, October 4, 2006 RIGHTS GROUP PROTESTS SECRETARY RICE'S MEETING TODAY WITH TERRORIST LEADER WHO INJURED US CITIZENS".
- ↑ Pickthall, Marmaduke. The Situation in Egypt. A Reply to Duse Mohamed. The New Age. Vol. VII. No. 9. JUNE 30, 1910. London. UK
- ↑ "صحيفة الرأي :: الرئيسية". alrai.com.
- ↑ "Help Save A Man's Life: Yemen editor faces capital punishment for printing cartoons. (Updated) - Action Items". freedomszone.com.
- ↑ "SAUDI ARABIA: Construction plans for proposed 800-bed medical complex, MINISTRY OF HEALTH [Saudi Arabia] - Order #: 059003.". 1 May 2003.
- ↑ "Middle East Council of Shopping Centres". mecsc.org.
- ↑ Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Central and West Asia and North Africa Regional Meeting Report
- ↑ "UNCCD". unccd.int.
- ↑ Mediterranean Training Programme, Focal Points, accessed 13 October 2007
- ↑ Shawesh, O.M., K.A. Suleiman and T.A. Yahia, 1996. Aridity and Desertification and their effects on food security. National Council for Scientific Research, Tripoli, Libya, Pages 455-542
- ↑ Shawesh, O.M., and A.T. Abuzakhm, 1993. Basic nutrient constituents for some range plants in Bir Al-Ghanam Range Project. Libyan Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 4
- ↑ Al-Jadouyi, J.M. and O.M. Shawesh and A.M. Al-Hamrouni, 1984. Atriplex species and their importance in range improvement in the North African countries of the Green Belt Project. National Office for Agriculture Advice and Studies. Tripoli/Libya, Page 137
- ↑ Le Houerou, H.N., Servoz, T. Telahigue and O.M. Shawesh, 1988. Evaluation of development potentials of existing range projects in Western Libya. UTFN/Lib./D11/Lib.
- ↑ Suleiman, M.M., O.M. Shawesh, Abuzakham and M.K. Ayoub. 1982. A study of reconnaissance inventory and improvement of Libyan rangelands. Arab organization for Agricultural Development. Khartoum, Sudan, page 130
- ↑ Yemen Observer
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