Sobhuza I

Sobhuza I ( also known as Ngwane IV, Somhlolo ) (ca. 1780–1836) was king of Swaziland, from 1815 to 1836. Born around 1780, his father was Ndvungunye (also known as Zikodze), and his mother was Somnjalose Simelane.^[1] He was called Somhlolo, "the Wonder," upon his birth because his father Ndvungunye died as a result of being struck by lightning.^[1] When Sobhuza was king, Lojiba Simelane instead of his mother Somnjalose was Queen Mother because Somnjalose was an inhlanti or support bride to Lojiba. Somhlolo is a greatly revered king of Swaziland. He had his first royal capital or kraal at Zombodze in the Shiselweni region, but moved it north to new Zombodze in central Swaziland. Swazis celebrate Somhlolo Day every September 6 as their Independence Day and the national stadium is named Somhlolo stadium.^[2] Sobhuza was succeeded by his son Mswati II and his wife Tsandzile Ndwandwe as Queen Mother after a short regency by Queen Lojiba Simelane. Sobhuza by the time of his death a conquered a country claimed to be reaching modern day Barberton in the north, Carolina in the west, Pongola River in the south and Lubombo Mountains in the east.^[3]

Background

Sobhuza's mother Somnjalose was the younger sister and inhlanti co-wife to her elder sister Lojiba Simelane, Ndvungunye's senior wife. Lojiba had no male children herself. Sobhuza, as son of her sister co-wife, was considered Lojiba's classificatory son under Ngwane royal kinship and succession principles. While Sobhuza thus became Ndvungunye's heir and successor, Lojiba rather than Somnjalose became Indlovukati or Queen Mother upon his accession.

Kingship

The reign of Sobhuza I marked a crucial phase in the history of Swaziland. As Sobhuza began his reign, KaNgwane was a realm centered in territory along the Pongola River to the south of modern Swaziland, whose northern reaches encompassed today's southern Swaziland. KaNgwane was ruled by kings of the Dlamini clan, who had earlier ruled an area in and around the Lubombo Mountains to the east. It was only under Sobhuza's grandfather, Ngwane III, ca. 1750, that the Dlamini kings conquered and established the country Sobhuza inherited, incorporating more than a dozen smaller chiefdoms led by chiefs from other clans. Early in Sobhuza's reign, the Ngwane kingdom faced strong risks of conquest by the more powerful Ndwandwe and Zulu kingdoms to the south in the 1810s and 1820s. Sobhuza moved the main royal center northward into what is now Zombodze central Swaziland, with many of his followers relocating as well. The former royal centers in Shiselweni became southern outposts.

After moving the center of Dlamini royal power to the north, Sobhuza led the conquest of many local chiefdoms. KaNgwane became a kingdom comparable in scope and power to those of the Zulu, the Maroti kingdom, or the Pedi. Sobhuza I notably married inkhosikati Tsandzile Ndwandwe the daughter of Zwide Ndwandwe the leader of the powerful Ndwandwe clan south of the Pongola River.^[4] The Swazi clans under the leadership of Sobhuza I were constantly in conflict with the Ndwandwe’s.^[5] As a result, Sobhuza made an offer to marry one of the daughters of Zwide and establish peace with his neighbors. Sobhuza I had in total three wives, the first of whom, Tsandzile, bore him Mswati II and Mzamose Dlamini. Mswati would eventually succeed him as king.

Later life

Sobhuza died in 1836 and is buried at the royal burial site at Mbilaneni. Sobhuza left his son Mswati II a country claimed to be reaching modern day Barberton in the north, Carolina in the west, Pongola River in the south and Lubombo Mountains in the east, which is larger than present day Swaziland.^[3] The clans that were conquered before and during Sobhuza's tenure are referred to as Emakhandzambili.

References

Monarchs of Swaziland
Pre-modern Swaziland (until 1745)	Mkhulunkosi Qomizitha Sukuta Madlasomo Ndlovu Ngwekati Mawawa/Kuwawa Sidvwabasilutfuli Gebase Kunene Nkabingwe Madlabane Hhili Dulunga Dondobola Sihuba Mlangeni Msimudze Mbhondlo/Mbhondlo/Mbhoholo Tembe Sikhulumaloyo Langa Samuketi Nkomo Khabako Nkosi I (1355–1400) Ngwane I: 1400–1435 Dlamini I (Matalatala): 1435–1465 Mswati I: 1480–1520 Ngwane II: 1520–1550 Dlamini II: 1555–1600 Nkosi II: 1600–1640 Mavuso I: 1645–1680 Magudulela: 1685–1685 Ludvonga: 1685–1715 Dlamini III: 1720–1744
Modern Swaziland (1745–1903)	Ngwane III: 1745–1780 (the first King of modern Swaziland) LaYaka Ndwandwe (Queen Regent): 1780 Ndvungunye (Zikodze, Mavuso II): 1780–1815 Lomvula Mndzebele (Queen Regent): 1815 Sobhuza I (Somhlolo): 1815–1839 Lojiba Simelane (Queen Regent): 1836–1840 Mswati II (Mavuso III): 1840–1868 Tsandzile Ndwandwe (Queen Regent): July 1868 – June 1875 Crown Prince Ludvonga II (Macaleni) – never became King Dlamini IV (Mbandzeni): 1875–1889 Tibati Nkambule (Queen Regent): 7 April 1889 – 1894 Ngwane V (Mahlokohla): January 1895 – 10 December 1899 Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli (Queen Regent): 10 December 1899 – 7 August 1903
Paramount Chiefs under British rule (1903–1968)	Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli (Queen Regent): 7 August 1903 – 22 December 1921 Sobhuza II: 22 December 1921 – 2 September 1968
Kings of Swaziland (1968–present)	Sobhuza II (1968–1982) Queen Dzeliwe (regent): 21 August 1982 – 9 August 1983 Prince Sozisa Dlamini (acting regent): 9 August 1983 – 18 August 1983 Queen Ntfombi (regent): 18 August 1983 – 25 April 1986 Mswati III (1986–present)
tiNdlovukati	LaYaka Ndwandwe, 1745–1780 (Regent 1780) Lomvula Mndzebele, 1780–1815 (Regent 1815) Lojiba Simelane, 1815–1840 (Regent 1836–1840) Tsandzile Ndwandwe (LaZidze), 1840–1875 (Regent 1868–1875) Sisile Khumalo (Lamgangeni), 1875 Tibati Nkambule (Madvolomafisha), 1875–1894 (Regent 1889–1894) Labotsibeni Mdluli (Gwamile, Lamvelase), 1894–1925 (Regent 1899–1921) Lomawa Ndwandwe, 1925–1938 Nukwase Ndwandwe, 1938–1957 Zihlathi Ndwandwe/Mkhatjwa, 1957–1975 Seneleleni Ndwandwe, 1975–1982 Dzeliwe Shongwe (Regent 1982–1983) Ntfombi Tfwala, 1983–present (Regent 1983–1986)