Chronic Somogyi rebound

The rebounding blood sugar following undetected diabetic hypoglycemia can easily become chronic when the high morning blood sugar data is misjudged to be due to insufficient nighttime insulin delivery.

Chronic Somogyi rebound is a contested explanation of phenomena of elevated blood sugars in the morning. Also called the Somogyi effect and posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia, it is a rebounding high blood sugar that is a response to low blood sugar.^[1] When managing the blood glucose level with insulin injections, this effect is counter-intuitive to insulin users who experience high blood sugar in the morning as a result of an overabundance of insulin at night.

This theoretical phenomenon was named after Michael Somogyi, a Hungarian-born professor of biochemistry at the Washington University and Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, who prepared the first insulin treatment given to a child with diabetes in the USA in October 1922.^[2] Somogyi showed that excessive insulin makes diabetes unstable and first published his findings in 1938.^[3]

Compare with the dawn phenomenon, which is a morning rise in blood sugar in response to waning insulin and a growth hormone surge (that further antagonizes insulin).

Background

A person with type 1 diabetes should balance insulin delivery to manage their blood glucose level. Occasionally, insufficient insulin can result in hyperglycemia. The appropriate response is to take a correction dose of insulin to reduce the blood sugar level and to consider adjusting the insulin regimen to deliver additional insulin in the future to prevent hyperglycemia. Conversely, excessive insulin delivery may result in hypoglycemia. The appropriate response is to treat the hypoglycemia and to consider adjusting the regimen to reduce insulin in the future.

Somogyi and others^[4] have claimed that if prolonged hypoglycemia is untreated, then stress due to low blood sugar can result in a high blood glucose rebound. The physiological mechanisms driving the rebound are defensive. When the blood glucose level falls below normal, the body responds by releasing the endocrine hormone glucagon as well as the stress hormones epinephrine, cortisol and growth hormone. Glucagon facilitates release of glucose from the liver that raises the blood glucose immediately, and the stress hormones cause insulin resistance for several hours, sustaining the elevated blood sugar.

Detection

The first line of defense in preventing chronic Somogyi rebound is additional blood glucose testing. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is the preferred method to detect and prevent the Somogyi rebound, but this technology is not yet widely used. Alternatively, testing blood sugar more often, 8 to 10 times daily with a traditional blood glucose meter, facilitates detecting the low blood sugar level before such a rebound occurs.

Testing occasionally during the middle of the night is also important, particularly when high waking blood sugars are found, to determine if more insulin is needed to prevent hyperglycemia or if less insulin is needed to prevent such a rebound.

Sometimes a person with diabetes will experience the Somogyi rebound when awake and notice symptoms of the initial low blood sugar or symptoms of the rebound. At night, waking with a night sweat (perhaps combined with a rapid heart rate) is a symptom of the adrenaline and rebound. Unfortunately, the evidence shows that patients with type 1 diabetes do not normally wake during nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes.^[5]

While reviewing log data of blood glucose after the fact, signs of Somogyi rebound should be suspected when blood glucose numbers seem higher after the insulin dosage has been raised, particularly in the morning.

Avoidance

In theory, avoidance is simply a matter of preventing hyperinsulinemia. In practice, the difficulty for a diabetic person to aggressively dose insulin to keep blood sugars levels close to normal and at the same time constantly adjust the insulin regimen to the dynamic demands of exercise, stress, and wellness can practically assure occasional hyperinsulinemia. The pharmacokinetic imperfections of all insulin replacement regimens is a severe limitation.

Some practical behaviors which are useful in avoiding chronic Somogyi rebound are:

• frequent blood glucose monitoring (8–10 times daily);
• continuous blood glucose monitoring;
• logging and review of blood glucose values, searching for patterns of low blood sugar values;
• conservative increases in insulin delivery;
• awareness to the signs of hypoglycemia;
• awareness to hyperglycemia in response to increased delivery of insulin;
• use of appropriate types of insulin (long-acting, short-acting, etc.) in appropriate amounts.

Controversy

Although this theory is well known among clinicians and individuals with diabetes, there is little scientific evidence to support it. Clinical studies indicate that a high fasting glucose in the morning is more likely because the insulin given on the previous evening fails to last long enough.^[6] Studies from 2007 onwards using continuous glucose monitoring show that a high glucose in the morning is not preceded by a low glucose during the night.^[7] Furthermore, many individuals with hypoglycemic episodes during the night don't wake due to a failure of release of epinephrine during nocturnal hypoglycemia.^[8] Thus, Somogyi's theory is not assured and may be refuted.

See also

• Idiopathic postprandial syndrome
• Reactive hypoglycemia

References

1. ↑ http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/centers/BarbaraDavis/Documents/book-understandingdiabetes/ud06.pdf, Understanding Diabetes a.k.a. The Pink Panther Book by H. Peter Chase, chapter 6 page 47.
2. ↑ Michael Somogyi (www.whonamedit.com)
3. ↑ Somogyi, M; Kirstein, M (1938). "Insulin as a cause of extreme hyperglycemia and instability". Weekly Bulletin of the St Louis Medical Society. 32: 498–510. OCLC 11637296. hdl:2027/uc1.$b721522. 
   (As of 2011-05-28, the electronic text is not open access).
4. ↑ Gerich, J. E. (1988). "Lilly lecture 1988. Glucose counterregulation and its impact on diabetes mellitus". Diabetes. 37 (12): 1608–17. doi:10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1608. PMID 3056759. 
5. ↑
6. ↑ Gale, EA, Kurtz, AB, Tattersall, RB. In search of the Somogyi effect. Lancet 2:279-282, 1980, PMID 6105438
7. ↑ Guillod, L., Comte-Perret, S., Monbaron, D., Gaillard, R. C., Ruiz, J. Nocturnal hypoglycaemias in type 1 diabetic patients: what can we learn with continuous glucose monitoring? Diabetes Metab, 2007: 33: 360-365, PMID 17652003
8. ↑ Matyka, KA, Crowne, EC, Havel, PJ, Macdonald, IA, Matthews, D, Dunger, DB. Counterregulation during spontaneous nocturnal hypoglycemia in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:1144-1150, 1999, PMID 10388980

Michael Cooperman, MD; Chief Editor: George T Griffing, MD. Somogyi Phenomenon. Medscape Dec 15, 2011.