Stentor (protozoa)
| Stentor | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Stentor roeseli | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukarya |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Heterotrichea |
| Order: | Heterotrichida |
| Family: | Stentoridae |
| Genus: | Stentor Oken, 1815 |
| Species | |
| |
Stentor, sometimes called trumpet animalcules, are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliate protists, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reach lengths of two millimeters; as such, they are among the biggest known extant unicellular organisms. They reproduce asexually through binary fission.[1]
Description
The body, or cortex, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald and the former name "trumpet animalcule", with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. Stentor can come in different colors. For example, S. coeruleus can appear blue due to the presence of Stentorin, a natural pigment. As in many freshwater protozoans, Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei.
Stentor polymorphus with algal symbionts
Stentor polymorphus with algal symbionts
Ecology
These protists are common worldwide in freshwater lakes and streams, only S. multiformis has been recorded from marine, freshwater and even terrestrial biotopes. They are usually attached to algal filaments or detritus. Some Stentor species, such as S. polymorphus, can live symbiotically with certain species of green algae (Chlorella). After being ingested, the algae live on while their host absorbs nutrients produced, whereas the algae, in turn, absorb and feed on the Stentor's metabolic wastes. Stentor species react to outside disturbances by contracting into a ball. Resting cysts are known from a few species.[2]
Systematics
The genus contains over twenty described species, including:[3][4]
The type species of the genus is Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831. According to recent molecular analyses, the genus seems to be monophyletic, and related to the genus Blepharisma.[5]
Video gallery
 Stentor muelleri in mucous lorica |
 Stentor coeruleus dividing (binary fission) |
 Stentor muelleri, magnified 1000X |
References
- ↑ "Stentor". Microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
- ↑ Tartar, Vance (1961). The biology of Stentor. International series of monographs on pure and applied biology: Division, Zoology. 5. Pergammon Press. OCLC 558125.
- ↑ Kumazawa, H. (2002). "Notes on the taxonomy of Stentor Oken (Protozoa, Ciliophora) and a description of a new species". J. Plankton Res. 24 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1093/plankt/24.1.69.
- ↑ Foissner, W.; Wölfl, S. (1994). "Revision of the genus Stentor Oken (Protozoa: Ciliophora) and description of S. araucanus nov. spec. from South American lakes". J. Plankton Res. 16 (3): 255–289. doi:10.1093/plankt/16.3.255.
- ↑ Gong YC, Yu YH, Zhu FY, Feng WS (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of Stentor (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea) based on small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54 (1): 45–8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00147.x. PMID 17300519.
External links
- Walker, D. "Protozoa — The Stentor". Micscape.
- "Stentor: The trumpet animalcule (3D image)". issn 1365-070X
- "Stentor". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 5962.