Straight dough

Dough

Dough being mixed in a commercial planetary mixer.
Main ingredients	Wheat flour, water.
Cookbook: Dough  Media: Dough

Straight dough is a single-mix process of making bread. The dough is made from all fresh ingredients, and they are all placed together and combined in one kneading or mixing session. After mixing, a bulk fermentation^[1] rest of about 1 hour or longer occurs before division.^[2] It is also called the direct dough method.^[3][4]

Formula

A straight dough formula might look like this:

Baker's percentage
ingredient	%
flour	100%
water	60%
sugar	4%
fat	4%
yeast[note 1]	1%-5%[7]
salt	2%

Process

In general, the process steps for creating straight dough are as follows:^[8][9][10]

Digital scale.

• Mise en place: The first step is to look at the formula ("recipe"), familiarize yourself with the ingredients and process, get ready to perform the task at hand. Assess the availability of tools, consider the batch size and time schedule, and gather what is needed.^[11]
• Weigh ingredients: This is also called scaling.^[12] If more yeast is chosen for the initial mixing and it is viable, faster fermentation occurs. If too much yeast is used the result is a noticeable yeast flavor.^[5]
• Mixing: The ingredients are all placed in a mixing bowl at once and combined together.^[3] A variation of this technique is to add ingredients sequentially.^{[note 2]} This mixing process may be done by hand kneading or by machine. Once fermentation has commenced, it will continue until the heat of the oven kills the yeast during baking. For fast fermentations, long, intense mixing techniques are recommended for dough development, whereas for long-fermented doughs, short-mixing techniques on slow speeds or hand kneading may be used with sufficient later folding.^[16]

It is known that mixing adds heat to dough, and more intense mixing adds heat more quickly.^[17] Doughs mixed at warmer temperatures of 79 °F (26 °C) are known to have more oxidation than doughs mixed at lower temperatures of 73 °F (23 °C).^[18] Oxidation results in loss of color and flavor.^[14] Bakers sometimes substitute a weight of crushed ice for some of the dough's water to compensate for the expected temperature rise, while other bakers use "water-jacketed or refrigerated mixer bowls" to keep the dough cooler during mixing.^[19]

Dough, resting and rising in bulk fermentation.

Some amount of time later.

• Bulk fermentation: After mixing, the dough is allowed to rest in a bowl or container of large enough size to accommodate dough expansion, usually in a warm location of about 75–80 °F (24–27 °C).^[20][21] The container is often covered so the dough remains in a humid environment, ideal is 74-77% relative humidity.^[21] Without some humidity the dough surface will tend to dry and develop a skin. As the dough rests, it will expand in volume due to the carbon dioxide created as it ferments. The dough will expand to a certain point, then volume growth will stall, and eventually the peak of the dough will begin to fall.^[22] When it reaches this point, it is at about 66-70% of its total fermentation time.^[23]

• Stretch and folds or degassing: When the dough reaches a specified size or scheduled time it is removed from the bowl and stretched and folded on a flour-dusted surface for the purposes of degassing the bubbles that have formed as well as stretching and aligning the gluten, then it is returned to the bowl for continued bulk fermentation.^[20] Prior to folding, the dough surfaces that are folded together should be brushed to remove excess dry flour.^[24] This is also called knock back^[25] or punch down, and may occur in an oiled bowl followed by a few folds, then flipped over so the seam side is down.^[22] This stretching and folding develops the gluten and equalizes the dough temperature. Long bulk fermentations may have as many as 4 to 5 folding sessions.^[16] Some schedules begin degassing at half the total fermentation time,^[20] while others degas once just before the peak begins to fall. A fermentation ratio is described as the time the dough takes from leaving the mixer to just before the peak begins to fall — when degassing occurs — relative to the remaining bulk fermentation time afterwards.^[26] Folding or knock back may also be omitted: after sufficient bulk fermentation time, the dough may go straight to make-up.^[27]

• Make-up^{[28][note 3]}

Dough in the make up process.

• Dividing: This is also called scaling or portioning. The bulk dough is divided to smaller, final weights. This step is used when making more than one loaf of bread, or many rolls.

• Pre-shaping or rounding: The dough pieces are made into oval, cylinder, or round shapes, depending upon the shape's appropriateness to the final product.^[29][30]

• Bench or intermediate proofing: A rest period of 8^[31] to 30^[29] minutes follows which allows the dough to relax, easing shaping.

• Shaping: Each piece of dough is manipulated into its desired final shape,^[29] and either placed on proofing trays or panned. It is also called, makeup and panning^[12] or moulding and panning.^[32]

Proofing.

Ready to bake or score.

• Proofing: The final fermentation rest before baking. Like bulk fermentation, proofing is ideally done in a humidity- and temperature-controlled environment. It may be performed at bulk-fermentation temperatures,^[29] or temperatures up to about 95–100 °F (35–38 °C), and with 83-88% relative humidity.^[21] Yeast thrives within the temperature range of 70–95 °F (21–35 °C),^[7] and within that range, warmer temperatures result in faster baker's yeast fermentation times. The proofing dough rests and ferments until it reaches about 85% of its final volume.
• Scoring:^{[note 4]} If desired, proofed dough is scored with a lame or razor to slash the top of the dough to direct oven-spring expansion. It is also used for its decorative effect.^[29]
• Baking: The proofed dough is loaded into a hot oven for baking. During the first few minutes, the remaining rise will occur in the dough and is known as oven spring. Starch gelatinization begins at 105 °F (41 °C),^[34] the yeast dies at 140 °F (60 °C),^[35] and the baking is finished when the product reaches an internal temperature of 208–210 °F (98–99 °C).^[21]
• Cooling: Once the bread is fully baked, it is removed to racks to cool. Bread is sliced once it has cooled to 95–105 °F (35–41 °C).^[21]

Digital stick thermometer.

History

The straight dough method became popular after the discovery and later mass production of baker's yeast, as well as the mass production of mixing machines.^[36] Straight dough was simpler than sponge and dough, took less time and effort, and was considered superior for commercial purposes. Baking expert Julius Emil Wihlfahrt of The Fleischmann Company wrote,

Prior to 1920, there were two basic kinds of breads, naturally leavened French bread,^[38] and Vienna bread leavened with cereal press yeast, an early form of baker's yeast. After 1920, when mixing machines became popular among bakers,^[36] rural bakers began to make more sponge doughs and city bakers more straight doughs, both replacing sourdough. By the 1930s, straight dough had mostly replaced sponge dough, and the terms "French" and "Vienna" breads were used less often. Bakers who continued using older methods were generally unable to compete on a cost basis, and so with "rare exceptions," were limited to local niche markets.^[39]

See also

• Pre-ferment
• Proofing

Notes

Footnotes

External links

Look up straight dough in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Straight dough at Bakerpedia.

Bread
Types	Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt-rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat
Ingredients	Baker's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water
Equipment	Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales
Processes	Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No-knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process
Uses	Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast
Other	Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread
List articles	American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads
Category