Supertree

A supertree is a single phylogenetic tree assembled from a combination of smaller phylogenetic trees, which may have been assembled using different datasets (e.g. morphological and molecular) or a different selection of taxa.[1] Supertree algorithms can highlight areas where additional data would most usefully resolve any ambiguities.[2] The input trees of a supertree should behave as samples from the larger tree.[3]

Construction methods

The construction of a supertree scales exponentially with the number of taxa included; therefore for a tree of any reasonable size it is not possible to examine every possible supertree and weigh its success at combining the input information. Heuristic methods are thus essential, although these methods are vulnerable to biases; the result extracted is often biased or affected by irrelevant characteristics of the input data.[1]

The Robinson-Foulds distance is the most popular of many ways of measuring how similar a supertree is to the input trees. It is a metric for the number of clades from the input trees that are retained in the supertree. Robinson-Foulds optimization methods search for a supertree that minimizes the total (summed) Robinson-Foulds differences between the (binary) supertree and each input tree.[1]

A recent innovation has been the construction of Maximum Likelihood supertrees and the use of "input-tree-wise" likelihood scores to perform tests of two supertrees.[4]

Additional methods include the Min Cut Supertree approach,[5] Most Similar Supertree Analysis (MSSA), Distance Fit (DFIT) and Quartet Fit (QFIT), implemented in the software CLANN.[6][7]

Application

Supertrees have been applied to produce phylogenies of many groups, notably the angiosperms,[8] eukaryotes[9] and mammals.[10] They have also been applied to larger-scale problems such as the origins of diversity, vulnerability to extinction,[11] and evolutionary models of ecological structure.[12]

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bansal, M.; Burleigh, J.; Eulenstein, O.; Fernández-Baca, D. (2010). "Robinson-Foulds supertrees". Algorithms for molecular biology : AMB. 5: 18. doi:10.1186/1748-7188-5-18. PMC 2846952Freely accessible. PMID 20181274.
  2. ↑ "Supertree: Introduction". genome.cs.iastate.edu.
  3. ↑ Gordon, A. (1986). "Consensus supertrees: the synthesis of rooted trees containing overlapping sets of labeled leaves". Journal of Classification. 3: 335–348. doi:10.1007/BF01894195.
  4. ↑ Akanni, Wasiu A.; Creevey, Christopher J.; Wilkinson, Mark; Pisani, Davide (2014-06-12). "L.U.St: a tool for approximated maximum likelihood supertree reconstruction". BMC Bioinformatics. 15 (1): 183. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-183. ISSN 1471-2105. PMC 4073192Freely accessible. PMID 24925766.
  5. ↑ Semple, C. (2000). "A supertree method for rooted trees". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 105: 147–158. doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00202-X.
  6. ↑ Creevey, C. J.; McInerney, J. O. (2005-02-01). "Clann: investigating phylogenetic information through supertree analyses". Bioinformatics. 21 (3): 390–392. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti020. ISSN 1367-4803. PMID 15374874.
  7. ↑ Posada, David, ed. (2009-01-01). Trees from Trees: Construction of Phylogenetic Supertrees Using Clann - Springer. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-251-9_7. ISBN 978-1-58829-910-9.
  8. ↑ Davies, T.; Barraclough, T.; Chase, M.; Soltis, P.; Soltis, D.; Savolainen, V. (2004). "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (7): 1904–1909. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1904D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308127100. PMC 357025Freely accessible. PMID 14766971.
  9. ↑ Pisani, D.; Cotton, J.; McInerney, J. (2007). "Supertrees disentangle the chimerical origin of eukaryotic genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (8): 1752–1760. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm095. PMID 17504772.
  10. ↑ Bininda-Emonds, O.; Cardillo, M.; Jones, K.; MacPhee, R.; Beck, R.; Grenyer, R.; Price, S.; Vos, R.; Gittleman, J.; Purvis, A. (2007). "The delayed rise of present-day mammals". Nature. 446 (7135): 507–512. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..507B. doi:10.1038/nature05634. PMID 17392779.
  11. ↑ Davies, T.; Fritz, S.; Grenyer, R.; Orme, C.; Bielby, J.; Bininda-Emonds, O.; Cardillo, M.; Jones, K.; Gittleman, J.; Mace, G. M.; Purvis, A. (2008). "Phylogenetic trees and the future of mammalian biodiversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 Suppl 1 (Supplement_1): 11556–11563. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511556D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801917105. PMC 2556418Freely accessible. PMID 18695230.
  12. ↑ Webb, C. O.; Ackerly, D. D.; McPeek, M. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (2002). "Phylogenies and Community Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 33: 475. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448.


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