Debut (Björk album)

Debut
A picture of the album cover depicting a muted background with Björk standing facing forward in the middle. Björk is dressed in a fuzzy ragged sweater with her hands close together covering most of her mouth.
Studio album by Björk
Released 5 July 1993
Recorded 1993
Studio Wild Bunch, Olympic, Townhouse, Livingston, Matrix, Swanyard, Workhouse, Beats Studio (Mumbai) and Summa Studio (Los Angeles)
Genre
Length 48:15
Label One Little Indian
Producer
Björk chronology
Gling-Gló
(1990)		 Debut
(1993)		 The Best Mixes from the Album Debut...
(1994)
Singles from Debut
  1. "Human Behaviour"
    Released: June 1993
  2. "Venus as a Boy"
    Released: August 1993
  3. "Play Dead"
    Released: October 1993[1]
  4. "Big Time Sensuality"
    Released: November 1993
  5. "Violently Happy"
    Released: March 1994[1]

Debut is the first international solo studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk.[nb 1] The album was released in July 1993 on One Little Indian and Elektra Records, and was produced by Björk in collaboration with artist Nellee Hooper. Her first recording following the dissolution of her previous band the Sugarcubes, the album departed from the rock-oriented style of her previous work and instead drew on an eclectic variety of styles across electronic pop, house music, jazz and trip hop.

Debut received widespread critical acclaim from British music critics, though United States reviewers doled out more mixed reviews. Upon its initial release, the album sold far greater than her label predicted, charting at number three in the United Kingdom and 61 in the United States. It was certified gold in Canada and platinum in the United States, where it remains her best-selling album to date.[7]

Five singles were released from Debut: "Human Behaviour", "Venus as a Boy", "Play Dead", "Big Time Sensuality" and "Violently Happy". All five singles charted in the United Kingdom with only "Human Behaviour", "Violently Happy" and "Big Time Sensuality" charting on dance and modern rock charts in the United States.

Background and production

Björk performing in Japan with The Sugarcubes. Debut would signify a departure from the rock music of her former bands, in search of her own musical identity.

While still performing as the vocalist of Icelandic alternative rock group the Sugarcubes, Björk approached both Ásmundur Jónsson of Bad Taste and producer Derek Birkett of One Little Indian Records with a demo cassette of her own songs on which she had been working.[8][9] These demos included versions of songs that would appear on Debut, including "The Anchor Song" and "Aeroplane".[9] After the Sugarcubes went on hiatus, she moved to London, England, where she and Birkett worked on the details of what would become Debut.[8] Björk has admitted that The Sugarcube's music was not her taste, and that her contact with London's underground club culture of the late 1980s/early 1990s helped her find her own musical identity.[10] She said: "...as a music nerd, I just had to follow my heart, and my heart was those beats that were happening in England. And maybe what I'm understanding more and more as I get older, is that music like Kate Bush has really influenced me. Brian Eno. Acid. Electronic beats. Labels like Warp."[10]

Many of the songs on the album were written years before Björk moved to London, including "Human Behaviour" which was written when the singer was a teenager.[11] Björk had put aside these songs stating that "I was in punk bands and [the songs] weren't punk."[11] Björk had already written half the songs for Debut in some form, but had nothing recorded.[12] With no producer in line to work with, she continued to compose songs with 808 State member Graham Massey in a friend's home in Manchester where she would write songs that would be included on later albums, including "Army of Me" and "The Modern Things".[12]

"I remember going to Manchester, and 808 State taking me around, and me just seeing things that I'd never seen - that I'd hoped existed. So I would be up until early morning... sometimes from just the enthusiasm for the music."

— Björk recalling her fascination with dance music after going to England.[13]

While creating more electronic based tracks with Massey, Björk developed a desire to work with a jazz producer. Wanting to work with a harpist, producer Paul Fox who had previously worked with the Sugarcubes, introduced her to jazz harpist Corky Hale.[12] Hale was going to politely refuse to work with Björk until her stepson, who was a Sugarcubes fan, insisted that she take the job.[12] Björk recorded a handful of jazz standards with Hale including "I Remember You" and an early version of "Like Someone in Love".[12] Fox also introduced Björk to Oliver Lake and the pair recorded another jazz standard, "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries", with Lake's jazz group for the John Hughes film Curly Sue.[14] Hughes turned down the idea of the recording for the film, but it led to the idea of Debut being produced by Fox and arranged by Oliver Lake.[15] Björk contracted Lake for working with some session saxophonists in London for Debut.[15] Lake's contributions to the album are heard on tracks including "Aeroplane" and "The Anchor Song".[15]

Björk was intending to have several producers work on the album, but this idea never came to fruition.[11] Björk was then going to have the album produced with Paul Fox until she was introduced to producer Nellee Hooper by her boyfriend Dominic Thrupp.[16] Hooper had previously produced albums by Soul II Soul, Sinéad O'Connor and Massive Attack, which made Björk skeptical about working with him, stating that "I thought Nellee was too 'good taste' for my liking. But then I met him, got to know him, [and] got to hear about his fabulous ideas..."[16][17] Björk and Hooper's recording ideas were very similar, which led to the decision to end production work with Massey and Fox.[16] Hooper introduced Björk to studio technology and studio programmer Marius de Vries who gave Debut a modern style with the use of keyboards and synthesizers.[18] Hooper produced the first ten tracks on the album, while Björk co-produced "Like Someone in Love" with Hooper and produced "The Anchor Song" solely herself.[19] Björk and Hooper spent many sessions in the studio working on Debut until the album was finished in early 1993.[20]

Composition
There's More to Life Than This
"There's More to Life Than This" from Debut. The song features the more electronic "four-on-the-floor house groove" sound of Debut.[17] which was recorded live in the toilets of the Milk Bar clubnight, London, UK.
"Human Behaviour"
The first single from Debut showed a departure from prior Sugarcubes' sounds.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

The music of Debut draws on an eclectic variety of sources.[21] Treblezine described the album as "[melding] alternative dance and electronic with a graceful flow."[22] It is said that the album "[shook] the status quo" of the contemporary musical climate, in the sense that its eclectic experimental pop leanings distanced it from the music "primarily being made by men with guitars" that was popular at the time, like grunge and the burgeoning britpop.[23] Michael Cragg of The Guardian has described it as an "indefinable conflation of electronic pop, trip-hop, world music and otherworldly lyrics".[24] AllMusic described the album's style as "creative, tantalizing electronic pop."[25] The New York Times review stated that "Debut often recalls the early 70's jazz-fusion of bands like Weather Report. But where these fusionists combined jazz harmony with funk and acid rock, Björk marries her scat-vocalese and off-kilter melodies with the futuristic textures and programmed percussion of today's techno and acid house.[26] Furthermore, The Face's Mandi James felt Debut was "a delightful fusion of thrash metal, jazz, funk and opera, with the odd dash of exotica thrown in for good measure."[27] The singer also took influence from the music of Bollywood and "the buzz of London nightlife."[23]

A main element of Debut's sound is its incorporation of dance music, reflecting the contemporary styles of London's club culture, with which the singer had established close ties.[28] While the echoes of subgenres such as Euro-house, acid jazz, worldbeat and IDM can be noted, "they hadn’t yet broken free from the primal thump of four-on-the-floor house music."[29] Tom Breihan of Stereogum asserts that "even as dance music took on all these new sounds, that basic pulse was still the most important thing about it, and that pulse reverberates all through Debut."[29] Björk said: "A lot of the songs on my record have dance beats, but I think they’re beats that are more reflective of daily life—like life in the middle of the day in a city, as opposed to the night life of the clubs."[30] The "four-on-the-floor" style —typical of house music— is mostly evident in songs such as "Human Behaviour", "Crying", "Big Time Sensuality", "There's More to Life Than This" and "Violently Happy".[18][31] Björk felt house music was "the only pop music that [was] truly modern," stating in 1993 that it was "the only music where anything creative is happening today."[32]

Her departure from the guitar-driven rock of her previous works stemmed from the feeling that it was outdated, arguing that "as soon as any form becomes traditional, like the guitar, bass and drums, then people start to behave traditionally," and that "it's really difficult to get a band to stay on the edge using typical bass, guitar and drums set-up because it tends to lapse into a predictable form."[32] Being a fan of dance music since the early days of acid house, she thus used it as the framework for her songs.[32] However, in a Rolling Stone interview she also stated that "[she] was more influenced by ambient music than what you'd call dance music, and by things that were happening way back in Chicago and Detroit that were sensual and daring and groundbreaking in their time;" also adding: "Ninety-five percent of the dance music you hear today is crap. It's only that experimental five percent that I'm into—the records that get played in clubs after 7 o'clock in the morning, when the DJs are playing stuff for themselves, rather than trying to please people."[30] Björk's embracement of England's dance culture also extended to her looks, with her style at the time now considered a representative of 1990s acid house fashion.[33][34]

Björk's adoption of "the contemporary musical environment of London" also included the burgeoning trip-hop scene of bands like Portishead and Massive Attack.[35] Co-producer Nellee Hooper had been a member of Bristol's "Wild Bunch" collective, a group that took from acid jazz, funk and hip hop and catalyzed the appearance of trip-hop.[36][37] Thus, the electronically backed songs of the album that are not dance-oriented have a more trip-hop style sound.[21][38] These non-dance tracks have been described as having a "more delicate atmosphere".[21] i-D noted that Debut —and Björk's following album, Post— also integrate ambient techno and jungle, stating that they "couldn't have existed without Aphex Twin, Black Dog, A Guy Called Gerald, LFO and all the other producers who reshaped the language of music since 1988."[28] Also present are elements of jazz, with WUOG stating that "while many see Debut as Björk’s clubbiest album, it may also be her jazziest."[39] Likewise, Brad Shoup of Stereogum wrote that "though her electronic bent gets the most attention, it's her interest in jazz that courses through the set."[40] Tim Perlich of Now felt Debut "bridges jazz and pop",[41] and Simon Reynolds characterized it as "jazzy love songs tinged with an oceanic feeling."[26]

Songs

For the most part, the lyrics of Debut are concerned with love.[26] The love themes range from "flesh-and-blood passion" for another person to the love of life itself.[26] According to i-D, with a couple of exceptions, the songs of Debut fell into two types: "those where Björk addressed the listener as someone in pain and told them fireworks would light their nights and all would be well;" and "songs where she sang about her own pain."[28] The Face stated that the album's lyrics "[consolidated] her love affair with language,"[27] while The Sunday Times felt that Björk "rigorously [avoided] the obvious" by using lyrics that do not rhyme.[42]

Album opener "Human Behaviour" features a "bouncing riff" sampled from Antônio Carlos Jobim, with "its syncopated beat consigned to a venerable orchestral instrument, the timpani."[43] Its lyrics refer to Björk's experience as a child, finding the behaviour of adults "rather chaotic and nonsensical," instead finding harmony with other children, nature and animals.[44] Inspired by naturalist David Attenborough, she sings from the point of view of an animal,[45] with its opening line being "If you ever get close to a human/And human behaviour/Be ready, be ready to get confused".[43] Following track "Crying" shows a contradiction between its "bubbly, shiny-surfaced acid disco-pop" sound and lyrics that describe the turmoil of feeling alienated in a big city.[46] "Venus as a Boy" —considered an ambient track by Rolling Stone—[30] reflected Björk's newly found interest in Bollywood, having befriended people of Indian origin in London, most notably Talvin Singh.[10] In a spontaneous fashion, the song's strings —and also those of "Come to Me"— were recorded by a fim studio orchestra in India.[10] The lyrics of the track are about the sensitivity of her then boyfriend Dominic Thrupp, with lyrics that have been described as "sweet and just the slightest bit naughty."[21][47] In the dancefloor-oriented "There's More to Life Than This", Björk leaves romance behind, with "her mischievous side [coming] to the fore".[46] Its lyrics were inspired by a party she attended and promptly left.[48] "Like Someone in Love" is one of the several jazz standards the singer recorded with Corky Hale,[46] with her voice "cradled in harp and swoony strings."[26]

"Like Someone in Love" is followed by the techno-tinged "Big Time Sensuality" in an "intentionally startling" leap.[23][46] An "anthem to emotional bravery," it contains lyrics described as "simple but passionate", concerning Björk's relationship with her co-producer Nellee Hooper.[49] The songs "The Anchor Song", "One Day", and "Aeroplane" draw on what Björk refers to as her more "academic, clever side".[38] "One Day" also presents a sudden shift of mood, featuring a "gently pulsing bass" that builds into an "itchily impassioned, housey pop euphoria."[46] "Aeroplane" is one of Debut's most musically complicated pieces with off-kilter arrangement from Oliver Lake;[50] its backdrop is inspired by exotica music.[21] This song is also about Thrupp, written when he was living in the United Kingdom and Björk still lived in Iceland.[50] "Come to Me" features a "hazy musical backdrop of raindrop synths, padded drums and sweeping strings";[24] lyrically, it explores a "sensually intense need to nurture."[46] "Violently Happy" is the most hardcore techno track on the album.[46] In the song, over "brisk house beats" Björk sings in a stammering fashion, as she "struggles to express feelings of excitement so intense she seems on the brink of leaping out of her skin."[26] As a gesture to inexpressible feelings, the song samples one syllable and "[turns] it into a stuttering vocal tic."[26] Closing track "The Anchor Song" is the only one in the album solely produced by Björk. One of the three songs to appear on her first demo cassette of 1990, it features Oliver Lake playing the saxophone, in an arrangement that replicated the "ebb and tide of an ocean's peaking tops, an image reinforced by Björk's fiercely patriotic lyrics."[51]

Release

Debut was released on 5 July 1993 on compact disc and cassette on One Little Indian Records in the United Kingdom and 13 July 1993 on Elektra Records in the United States.[1][21][52] One Little Indian estimated that Debut would sell a total of 40,000 copies worldwide based on a guess of the Sugarcubes fan base at the time.[53] However, within three months of Debut's release, over 600,000 copies had been sold worldwide.[54] On the album's initial release, it charted in the United States, peaking at number one on the Top Heatseekers chart and at number sixty-one on the Billboard 200.[55] In the United Kingdom, Debut entered the charts on 17 July 1993, staying in the charts for sixty-nine weeks and peaking at number three.[56] Debut has been re-issued several times in different formats. In November 1993, the album was re-issued in the United Kingdom with the bonus track "Play Dead", a song written for the film The Young Americans, shortly after Debut's completion.[57] The album was later issued on vinyl and DualDisc formats.[21] The Japanese version of Debut included two bonus tracks: "Play Dead" and "Atlantic".[58] The DualDisc release featured the full album on the CD side while the DVD side included the album with superior sound quality and the music videos for the singles.[59] On 5 May 1994, The Canadian Recording Industry Association certified that Debut had sold over 50,000 units making it a Gold record in Canada.[60][61] On 31 August 2001, the RIAA certified that Debut had sold over one million units making it a Platinum record in the United States.[62][63] Worldwide sales of the album stand at 4.7 million copies.[64]

Singles

In 1993 Björk contacted French director Michel Gondry to create a music video for "Human Behaviour" after seeing a video he made for his own band Oui Oui.[65] "Human Behaviour" was the first single taken from Debut, and was issued a month before the album's release in June 1993.[1] Three more singles were released from Debut in 1993. "Venus as a Boy" was the second single, released in August with a music video directed by Sophie Muller.[1][47] "Play Dead" was released in August 1993 as a non-album single, that would be included on later releases of the album.[1] "Play Dead" had an accompanying music video directed by Danny Cannon.[11] The final single released in 1993 was "Big Time Sensuality" remixed by Fluke with a music video by Stéphane Sednaoui.[1][11] A further single, "Violently Happy", was released in March 1994 with an accompanying video by Jean-Baptiste Mondino.[1] All five singles from Debut charted within the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart while only "Human Behaviour", "Violently Happy" and "Big Time Sensuality" charted in the American Billboard charts.[56][66]

Reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[21]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[67]
Entertainment WeeklyC[68]
Los Angeles Times[69]
NME9/10[70]
Q[71]
Rolling Stone[72]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[73]
Select4/5[74]
Spin Alternative Record Guide9/10[75]

At the 1994 Grammy Awards, Michel Gondry's music video for "Human Behavior" was nominated for best Best Short Form Music Video, but lost to Stephen Johnson's video for the Peter Gabriel song "Steam".[76][77] At the 1994 Brit Awards, Björk won awards for "Best Newcomer" and "Best International Female".[78] Shortly after the Brit Awards, Björk was sued by Simon Fisher, a musician she collaborated with in 1990. Fisher's claim stated that he had co-written "Human Behaviour", "Venus as a Boy", "Crying", and "Aeroplane" and sought damages of over ₤20,000.[79] Hooper and Björk went to court with Fisher shortly after the release of Björk's album Post.[80] Judge Robin Jacob found Fisher only seeking credit for one song instead of four and cleared Hooper and Björk of all charges stating that Fisher's charges rendered him "unreliable, diffuse, and vague".[80]

Critical reaction to Debut was generally positive. The British music press spoke positively about the album, with Q giving it four out of five stars calling it "a surprising, playful collection" while the NME wrote that Debut was "an album that believes music can be magical and special."[70][71] The Independent gave Debut a favorable review noting that Björk had "fashioned an amazing array of contrasting arrangements, whose musical diversity never interferes with their clarity of vision."[81] American reception was more mixed. Musician magazine praised the vocals of the album, stating "what makes [Björk's] singing memorable isn't the odd assortment of growls, moans and chirps she relies upon, but the emotions those sounds convey."[82] The New York Times described Debut as "an enchanting album".[26] American critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "neither" rating, indicating an album that "may impress once or twice with consistent craft or an arresting track or two. Then it won't".[83][84] A negative review came from Rolling Stone who gave the album two stars out of five calling the album "utterly disappointing" blaming producer Nellee Hooper, suggesting he "sabotaged a ferociously iconoclastic talent with a phalanx of cheap electronic gimmickry."[72] Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C, saying, "On a few songs, [Björk's] breathy mewl is a pleasant contrast to the mechanical drone of Sugarcube-like techno-tunes. But most of Debut sounds annoyingly like the monotonous plinking of a deranged music box. Wind it up if you like -- eventually it will stop."[68] Debut rated highly in British end of year polls. The NME ranked Debut at number one on their list of "Top 50 LPs of 1993".[85] Melody Maker placed the album at number six on their list of "Albums of the Year for 1993" calling it "a fantastic debut".[86] In 1994, Q included the album on their list for top fifty albums of 1993.[87] Björk reacted to the positive reviews hesitantly, stating that if she'd "delivered exactly the same album and I came from Nottingham, I'd have got completely different reviews, normal down-to-earth ones" and that Debut "was a bit of a rehearsal and it's really not that good. I can do much better."[88]

Later reception was also positive. In Spin magazine's alternative record guide, the album received a rating of nine out of ten stating that the choice of Nellee Hooper as producer was a "stroke of genius" and Björk's vocals were "awe-inspiring".[75] Heather Phares of AllMusic gave the album a five-star rating, stating that Debut is "Possibly her prettiest work, Björk's horizons expanded on her other releases, but the album still sounds fresh, which is even more impressive considering electronic music's whiplash-speed innovations."[21]

Legacy

"If the point of a debut album is to set out an artist's stall and to lay the foundations for what's to come then Debut does this better than any album in recent memory. It's an album whose influence is still felt any time electronic instrumentation is fused with folk or jazz, or whenever a new female singer is described as "kooky" or "refreshing"."

— Michael Cragg, The Guardian, 2013.[23]

Debut is widely regarded as one of the greatest albums of 1993 and the 1990s in general.[89] In 2013, John Hamilton of Idolator called the album "highly influential", and wrote "in spite of its advancing age, Debut’s futurism has aged exquisitely."[90] The album has also been credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop.[29][90] Stereogum's Tom Breihan wrote: "House music didn't quite have critical respect before Björk came along, and plenty of American writers didn’t know what to make of the sound of Debut when it came out. [...] Debut didn't just establish Björk; it helped make sounds like that cool to a segment of the music-dork universe that might’ve remained deaf to its charms otherwise. At this point, it's virtually impossible to imagine a big publication slamming an adventurous dance-pop album for "cheap electronic gimmickry,"[nb 2] and Debut is a big part of that change.[29] Celebrating the album's twenty-year anniversary, Emily Mackay of NME wrote the album "put the lie to the post-grunge assumption that heartfelt, passionate solo artistry came in the form of acoustic guitar and heartbreak, creating a new breed of singer-songwriter."[46] Dubbing it an "influential masterpiece", she found influences of the album in the work of musicians such as M.I.A., Grimes, These New Puritans and Tune-Yards, writing: "It's in fascinatingly individual artists like those that you'll find [Björk's] influence — not, as many would have you believe, in every pretty-faced girl with a big voice."[46] Mackay also noted that the album's legacy echoes through dance-pop artists like Lady Gaga and Robyn.[46]

Furthermore, in 2013 Michael Cragg of The Guardian pointed out that "two decades after its release, the Icelandic artist's first album has never sounded more relevant."[23] He argued that Debut "reconstructed pop music", also writing that "while pop in 2013 looks back to the early 90s for inspiration, Björk's ability on Debut to innovate by using disparate genres without losing a sense of her own identity should be the blueprint for any new artist with desires to break the mould."[23] In the album's entry in their list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" —where the album was included at number 46—, NME claimed that "Debut achieved the remarkable feat of turning an idiosyncratic vocalist from a feted cult band into a significant global pop star, without losing one iota of the experimental mindset and creative cool that made her so special."[91] In 2005, Björk stated that she thought the album wasn't as strong as her later efforts: "It's hard to judge yourself but I don't think [Debut and Post are] my best. Debut was the album that went the highest up there in terms of what is 'Bjork music'. But I think that the persona I created, which was entirely accidental, is better captured on the later albums".[92]

Accolades

The information regarding accolades attributed to Debut is adapted from Acclaimed Music, except where otherwise noted.[89]

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Alternative Press United States The 90 Greatest Albums of the 90s 1998 31
Amazon.com The 10 Best Albums by Decade 1999 10
Music Underwater Top 100 Albums 1990-2003 2004 97
Out The 100 Greatest, Gayest Albums 2008 63
Pause & Play The 90s Top 100 Essential Albums 1999 11
Robert Dimery 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[93] 2005 *
Slant Magazine The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s (2011) 2011 29
Spin The 125 Best Albums of the Past 25 Years 2010 33
Tom Moon 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die 2008 *
Treble Top 100 Albums of the 90s (10 per Year) 2008 4
Channel 4 United Kingdom 125 Nominations for the 100 Greatest Albums 2005 *
Elvis Costello 500 Albums You Need 2000 *
The Face Albums of the Year 1993 1
Gary Mulholland 261 Greatest Albums Since Punk and Disco 2006 *
Melody Maker Albums of the Year 1993 6
Mixmag The 100 Best Dance Albums of All Time 1996 3
Mojo The Mojo Collection: The Greatest Albums of All Time... and How They Happened 2003 *
Muzik Top 50 Dance Albums of All Time 2002 32
NME Albums of the Year 1993 1
NME Rock Years, Albums of the Year 1963-99 2000 *
NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2013 46
No Ripcord Top Albums 1990-1999 2013 44
Paul Morley Words and Music, 5 x 100 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 *
Q Albums of the Year 1993 *
In Our Lifetime: Q's 100 Best Albums 1986-94 1995 *
90 Albums of the 90s 1999 *
Select Albums of the Year 1993 7
The 100 Best Albums of the 90s 1996 26
Vox Albums of the Year 1993 6
Wire Albums of the Year 1993 *
Helsingin Sanomat Finland 50th Anniversary of Rock 2004 *
Panorama Norway The 30 Best Albums of the Year 1970-98 1999 4
Platekompaniet Top 100 Albums of All Time 2001 96
Pop Sweden Albums of the Year 1993 1
The World's 100 Best Albums + 300 Complements 1994 92
Intro Germany Albums of the Year 1993 1
Musik Express Albums of the Year 1993 43
The 50 Best Albums of the 90s 2005 14
Rolling Stone The 500 Best Albums of All Time 2004 492
Spex Albums of the Year 1993 18
Visions The Best Albums 1991-96 1996 *
The Most Important Albums of the 90s 1999 42
Zundfunk The Best Albums of the 90s 2000 30
Les Inrockuptibles France Albums of the Year 1993 13
The 100 Best Albums 1986-1996 1996 19
Rock & Folk Albums of the Year 1993 9
The Best Albums from 1963 to 1999 1999 *
Technikart 50 Albums from the Last 10 Years 1997 *
Trax The 50 Best Techno Albums 1989-1999 1999 *
Dancedelux Spain The 50 Best Electronic Records of 1985-2005 2005 14
Iguana Albums of the Year 1993 1
The 25 Best Albums of the 90's 2000 *
Plásticos y Decibelios The 80 Best Albums of All Time 2000 67
Rockdelux Albums of the Year 1993 3
The 150 Best Albums from the 90s 2000 6
The 200 Best Albums of All Time 2002 146
(*) designates lists that are unordered.

Track listing

Debut – Standard edition
No. TitleWriter(s)Producer(s) Length
1. "Human Behaviour"  
Nellee Hooper 4:10
2. "Crying"  
  • Björk
  • Hooper
Hooper 4:52
3. "Venus as a Boy"  BjörkHooper 4:42
4. "There's More to Life Than This" (recorded live at the Milk Bar toilets)
  • Björk
  • Hooper
Hooper 3:21
5. "Like Someone in Love"  
  • Björk
  • Hooper
 4:33
6. "Big Time Sensuality"  
  • Björk
  • Hooper
Hooper 3:57
7. "One Day"  BjörkHooper 5:24
8. "Aeroplane"  BjörkHooper 3:54
9. "Come to Me"  BjörkHooper 4:55
10. "Violently Happy"  
  • Björk
  • Hooper
Hooper 4:59
11. "The Anchor Song"  BjörkBjörk 3:32
Total length:
 48:26
Debut – Reissued edition[94]
No. TitleWriter(s)Producer(s) Length
12. "Play Dead"  
 3:58
Total length:
 52:22
Notes[19]

Personnel

Music
Production
  • Björk – producer
  • Paul Corkett – engineer
  • Nellee Hooper – producer, engineer
  • Howie B – engineer
  • Hugo Nicolson – engineer
  • Brian Pugsley – engineer
  • Al Stone – engineer
  • Mark Warner – assistant engineer
  • Paul Wertheimer – engineer
  • Goetz Botzenhardt – assistant engineer
  • Jim Abbiss – engineer
  • Dave Burnham – engineer
  • Jean-Baptiste Mondino – photography
  • Pete Lewis – assistant engineer
  • Jon Mallison – assistant engineer
  • Mike Marsh – mastering
  • Tim Dickenson – assistant engineer
  • Andy Bradford – assistant engineer
  • Oggy – assistant engineer
  • H. Shalleh – engineer

Charts and certifications

Album

Singles

Year Song Peak positions[56][66]
UK US Hot 100 US Hot Dance Club Songs US Hot Dance Singles Sales US Modern Rock Tracks
1993 "Human Behaviour" 36 109 2 — 2
"Venus as a Boy" 29 — — — —
"Play Dead" 12 — — — —
"Big Time Sensuality" 17 88 1 19 5
1994 "Violently Happy" 13 — 4 — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[99] Gold 50,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[100] Gold 7,500^
Sweden (GLF)[101] Gold 50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[102] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[103] 2× Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[104] Platinum 1,000,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

Notes

  1. ↑ Debut is officially considered to be the first solo album by both label and artist, who said "My first album didn't come out until I was 27".[2][3][4] However, technically this is the second solo album if to bear in mind her 1977 juvenilia release. Some sources consider Debut as the third, counting in her 1990 jazz output Gling-Gló.[5][6]
  2. ↑ Referring to Tom Graves' Rolling Stone review of 1993: "Producer Nellee Hooper (Sinéad O'Connor, Soul II Soul) has sabotaged a ferociously iconoclastic talent with a phalanx of cheap electronic gimmickry."[72]

References

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Bibliography

External links

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