The Shape of Jazz to Come

The Shape of Jazz to Come
Studio album by Ornette Coleman
Released	October 1959
Recorded	May 22, 1959
Genre	Free jazz, avant-garde jazz
Length	37:59
Label	Atlantic 1317
Producer	Nesuhi Ertegun
Ornette Coleman chronology
Tomorrow Is the Question! (1959) The Shape of Jazz to Come (1959) Change of the Century (1960)

The Shape of Jazz to Come is the third album by jazz musician Ornette Coleman. Although Coleman initially wished for the album to be titled Focus on Sanity, after one of the songs on the album, it was ultimately titled The Shape of Jazz to Come at the urging of Atlantic producer Nesuhi Ertegun, who felt that the title would give consumers "an idea about the uniqueness of the LP."^[1] Released on Atlantic Records in 1959, it was his debut on the label and his first album featuring his working quartet including himself, trumpeter Don Cherry, bassist Charlie Haden, and drummer Billy Higgins.^[2] The recording session for the album took place on May 22, 1959, at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, California.^[1] Two outtakes from the session, "Monk and the Nun" and "Just for You", would later be released respectively on the 1970s compilations Twins and The Art of the Improvisers. In 2012, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry.^[3]

Background

From 1948 to 1958, Coleman moved between New Orleans, Fort Worth, and Los Angeles, working various jobs and developing his own unique sound that was often met with hostility.^[4][5] His unique approach to jazz initially made it difficult to make ends meet by playing music.^[6] While employed as an elevator operator in Los Angeles, he studied music theory and harmony and developed an idiosyncratic take on country blues and folk forms.^[4] Coleman's big break came in Los Angeles when he caught the attention of Percy Heath and John Lewis, the bassist and pianist of the Modern Jazz Quartet. Lewis encouraged Coleman and his trumpeter Don Cherry to attend the Lenox School of Jazz (a seminal summer jazz education program) in Massachusetts in 1959, at which Lewis was the director. Lewis also secured Coleman a deal with Atlantic Records, who paid his tuition at the Lenox School of Jazz.^[1][4][6] Though both Coleman and Cherry were already rather accomplished by this point in their careers, Lewis wanted to use their attendance at the Lenox School of Jazz to generate buzz amongst jazz circles. Their presence at the school was not without friction amongst students and faculty alike, but in the end, their attending the school accomplished what Lewis hoped to achieve. After his stint at the Lenox School of Jazz, Coleman was booked by Lewis to play at the 1959 Monterey Jazz Festival in California.^[7] These were all pivotal events in Coleman's career, who in June 1959 suggested to Nesuhi Ertegun, who handled Atlantic's jazz recordings, that he was considering abandoning music in order to study religion. Ertegun, confident of Coleman's potential, urged him to reconsider.^[1]

Content

Coleman's quartet, like Gerry Mulligan's, was unusual in that it did not employ a chordal instrument such as a piano or guitar. Each composition contains a brief thematic statement, then several minutes of free improvisation, followed by a repetition of the main theme. While this resembles the conventional head-solo-head structure of bebop, it abandons the use of chord structures. The Shape of Jazz to Come found Coleman and his quartet elaborating on the sound and themes he had been developing throughout his career.

One prominent feature of Coleman's signature sound was that he played a plastic Grafton saxophone, which some feel contributed to the harshness of his timbre. He coined the term "harmolodic", a combination of harmony, movement, and melody, to describe his philosophy of improvisation which heavily emphasized melody rather than harmony. It was early in his career, in an attempt to further emphasize focus on melody over harmony, that he stopped including a piano as a part of his ensembles.

Coleman continues with this tradition on The Shape of Jazz to Come, dispensing with harmonic accompaniment and focusing solely on improvised melodies and variations on themes and motifs. Coleman had a unique approach to pitch as well. His use of microtonal intervals was central to his sound, and he even went as far as to suggest that the same pitch should sound different when played in different contexts, stating that "jazz is the only music in which the same note can be played night after night, but differently each time"^[8] The album was a breakthrough and helped to establish the free jazz movement. Later avant-garde jazz was often very different from this, but the work helped to lay the foundation upon which much subsequent avant-garde and free jazz would be built.

Lonely Woman

The album contains one of few Coleman compositions to achieve jazz standard status, "Lonely Woman". Coleman was moved to compose the song when, while on a lunch break from his job working as a department store stock boy in Los Angeles in the early 1950s, he came across a photograph of a woman in a gallery. Coleman describes the photograph as follows:

In the background there was everything you could imagine that was wealthy – all in her background – but she was so sad. And I said, 'Oh my goodness. I understand this feeling. I have not experienced this wealth, but I understand the feeling.' I went home and wrote 'Lonely Woman'... I related the condition to myself, wrote this song, and ever since it has grown and grown and grown.^[9]

Fred Kaplan wrote:

'Lonely Woman' begins with Haden playing a slow bass dirge. Higgins follows with a fast drum riff (a pairing of slow bass and fast drums was unusual enough). Then Coleman and Cherry, in unison, blow a sorrowful melody, both of them bending notes, wailing, so naked with emotion that it still raises shivers a half century later. After reciting the theme a couple times, Coleman takes his solo, which wanders off in a different direction; if you were expecting to hear an improvisation on harmony, it might seem like a different song. But he's improvising on other aspects of the song, especially its emotion. The other players do the same. Somehow it all hangs together, and toward the end, they come back to the theme, come back down to Earth, with aplomb.^[1]

Reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
Allmusic	[10]
Penguin Guide to Jazz	(Crown award) [11]
The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide	[12]

On November 17, 1959, one month after the release of the album, Coleman's quartet began its residency at the Five Spot.^[13] This engagement was arranged by John Lewis and was initially scheduled to last two weeks; it was eventually extended to two-and-a-half months.^[6][13] The performances were well attended and generated controversy amongst attendees, critics, and jazz musicians alike. Whereas some musicians and critics praised Coleman for an inventiveness not seen since the emergence of be-bop, detractors included such jazz figures as Charles Mingus and Miles Davis.^[6][13]

In 2003, the album was ranked number 248 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was identified by Chris Kelsey in his Allmusic essay "Free Jazz: A Subjective History" as one of the 20 Essential Free Jazz Albums.^[14] In its ninth edition, The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album a "crown" accolade, in addition to a four star rating.^[11] The album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2015.^[15]

Track listing

All compositions by Ornette Coleman.

Side one

Side two

Personnel

• Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone
• Don Cherry – cornet
• Charlie Haden – bass
• Billy Higgins – drums

See also

• The Shape of Punk to Come
• The Shape of Things to Come

References