The Son Also Rises (book)

The Son Also Rises is a 2014 non-fiction book on the study of social mobility by the economist Gregory Clark. It is based on historical estimates of social mobility in various countries made by Clark in collaboration with other researchers, though Clark takes pains to point out from the start the controversial conclusions he draws are his alone.

The book's title, like Clark's previous book's title, is a pun on the title of an Ernest Hemingway novel - in this case, The Sun Also Rises.

Content

The book follows relatively successful and unsuccessful extended families through the centuries in England, the United States, Sweden, India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and Chile. Clark uses an innovative technique of following families by seeing whether or not rare surnames kept turning up in university enrollment records, registers of physicians, lists of members of parliament, and other similar contemporary historical registers. Clark finds that the persistence of high or low social status is greater than would be expected from the generally accepted correlations of income between parents and children, conflicting with virtually all measures of social mobility previously developed by other researchers, which Clark claims are flawed. According to Clark, social mobility proceeds at a similar rate in all of the societies and in all the periods of history studied – with the exceptions of social groups with higher endogamy (tendency to marry within the same group), who experience higher social persistence and therefore even lower social mobility.

The book attempts to explain the difference between Clark's estimates of social mobility rates and estimates by other researchers by noting that the effects measured by other researchers are based on only a few generations, and argues that Clarke's posited hidden variable of inherited "underlying social competence" is swamped by chance variations in status from generation to generation - variations which Clarke says are smoothed out in his longer-term study. This can be analogised to looking at a graph to understand the trend in the market price of a stock – a graph of a stock price over a one-day period may show large "zigzag" price swings and no apparent order, whereas a longer-term stock price graph, particularly if smoothed, may reveal a long-term trend for the price of the stock to increase or decrease.

From his finding that ethnically homogeneous societies, such as Japan and Korea, had similar rates of social mobility to ethnically diverse societies, such as the United States, Clark infers that racism may not be a significant factor affecting social mobility. From his finding that families who had many children were able to pass down their high social status just as well as families who had few children, Clark infers that simple inheritance of wealth cannot explain the persistence of high social status. From the referenced studies on the lack of correlation between the intelligence and adult family income of adopted children and their adoptive parents, Clark infers that family environment cannot explain the transmittal of social status from one generation to the next.

Clark controversially hypothesises that the main reason for the unexpectedly high persistence of social status in families (or, put another way, the unexpectedly low degree of social mobility he finds) is that high-status people are more likely to have genes that are beneficial to them achieving high status, and are therefore more likely to pass such genes on to their children.

The book also advocates a generous welfare state, on the grounds that people of lower social status are unlikely to be able to advance very far in life, contrary to the widespread American Dream ideology of "anyone can make it in America if they work hard enough", and so people's advantages in life come about mostly through accident of birth, not effort.

Reception

Scholarly

Kourtellos, Marr and Tan note that Clark's main conclusion that social mobility has always been low is supported by several other papers by other researchers.^[1]

Media reception

Clark wrote a February 21, 2014 New York Times article: "Your Ancestors, Your Fate".^[2] This attracted 581 comments, most of them critical of Clark's educated guess that there may be a genetic component to achieving a high social status.

Clark also wrote an article for The Guardian, published a year later, in which his genetic hypothesis was not explicitly present - instead Clark argued more generically, that "attributes" contributing towards success were "transmitted" by families (a form of words that includes both genetic transmission and transmission by upbringing). Clark concluded this article by arguing for public policy measures such as greater redistribution, and lottery-based access to Oxbridge. This article was more positively received by commenters to the Guardian website than his NYT article was by NYT readers.^[3]

See also

• The Bell Curve, a book which also argues that economic success is strongly influenced by genetic factors – but unlike The Son Also Rises, specifically focuses on intelligence (as measured by IQ tests) as a success factor. The Son Also Rises, by contrast, studies the generic concept of "underlying status" or "underlying social competence", without assuming that this corresponds to intelligence as measured by IQ tests.
• A Troublesome Inheritance

References