Thirty pieces of silver

Judas receiving thirty pieces of silver for betraying Jesus, by Mattia Preti, c. 1640.

Thirty pieces of silver was the price for which Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus, according to an account in the Gospel of Matthew 26:15 in the New Testament.[1] Before the Last Supper, Judas is said to have gone to the chief priests and agreed to hand over Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins, and to have returned the money afterwards, filled with remorse.

The Gospel of Matthew claims that the subsequent purchase of the Potter's field was fulfilment, by Jesus, of a prophecy of Zechariah.[2][3]

The image has often been used in artwork depicting the Passion of Christ. The phrase is used in literature and common speech to refer to people "selling out" , compromising a trust, friendship, or loyalty for personal gain.

Biblical narrative

According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas Iscariot was a disciple of Jesus. Before the Last Supper, Judas went to the chief priests and agreed to hand over Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins.[4] Jesus was then arrested in Gethsemane, where Judas revealed Jesus' identity to the soldiers by giving him a kiss.[5]

According to Chapter 27 of Matthew's gospel, Judas was filled with remorse and returned the money to the chief priests before hanging himself. The chief priests decided that they could not put it into the temple treasury, and so with it they bought the Potter's Field.[6] A different account of the death of Judas is given in Acts of Apostles; it describes Judas as using the money he had been rewarded with - no sum is specified - to buy the Potter's field, and then falling there, dying of the resulting intestinal injuries.[7]

Types of coin

The Antiochan stater is one possibility for the identity of the coins making up the thirty pieces.
A Tyrian shekel, another possibility for the type of coin involved.

The word used in Matthew 26:15 (ἀργύρια, argyria) simply means "silver coins,"[8] and scholars disagree on the type of coins that would have been used. Donald Wiseman suggests two possibilities. They could have been tetradrachms of Tyre, usually referred to as Tyrian shekels (14 grams of 94% silver), or staters from Antioch (15 grams of 75% silver), which bore the head of Augustus.[9] Alternatively, they could have been Ptolemaic tetradrachms (13.5 ± 1 g).[10] There are 28.3495 grams per ounce. At spot valuation of $15.85/oz (the closing price on Friday, March 18, 2016), 30 "pieces of silver" is worth approximately $225 in present-day value (USD). Other equivalents are C$295 (CAD), AU$297 (AUD), £156 (GBP), €200 (EUR), 218 Swiss francs (CHF), and 830 Brazilian Reais (BRL).

The Tyrian shekel weighed four Athenian drachmas, about 14 grams, more than earlier 11-gram Israeli shekels, but was regarded as the equivalent for religious duties at that time.[11] Because Roman coinage was only 80% silver, the purer (94% or more) Tyrian shekels were required to pay the temple tax in Jerusalem. The money changers referenced in the New Testament Gospels (Matt. 21:12 and parallels) exchanged Tyrian shekels for common Roman currency.[12][13][14]

The 5th century BC Athenian tetradrachm ("four drachmae") coin was perhaps the most widely used coin in the Greek world prior to the time of Alexander the Great (along with the Corinthian stater). It featured the helmeted profile bust of Athena on the obverse (front) and an owl on the reverse (back). In daily use they were called γλαῦκες glaukes (owls),[15] hence the proverb Γλαῦκ’ Ἀθήναζε, 'an owl to Athens', referring to something that was in plentiful supply, like 'coals to Newcastle'. The reverse is featured on the national side of the modern Greek 1 euro coin. Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints. The standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams. A drachma was approximately a day's pay for a skilled laborer.[16] So 30 pieces of silver (30 tetradrachm), at four drachmas each, would roughly be comparable to four months' (120 days) wages.

Augustus Silver Tetradrachm of Antioch (27 B.C. - A.D. 14), The silver Tetradrachm of Augustus from Antioch. Depicting Ancient Rome’s celebrated first emperor, who reigned from 27 B.C. to A.D. 14, this coin was hand struck in the great provincial city of Antioch – honored on the reverse. These coins of Biblical times were hand struck close to the time when Jesus was believed to have been born. And they were among the most prominent coins used to pay the hated temple tax, about which Jesus speaks in the biblical accounts of Matthew, Mark and Luke. Weighing about 15 grams and containing over 75% silver, these large attractive pieces are similar to the coinage circulated by Seleucid emperors in Syria before being conquered by Rome in 64 B.C.

In the medieval period some religious institutions displayed ancient Greek coins of the island of Rhodes as specimens of the Thirty Pieces of Silver. The obverses of these coins showed a facing head of the sun god Helios, with rays projecting around the upper part of it. These rays were interpreted as a representation of the Crown of Thorns.

The extracanonical Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea records that Judas was paid 30 pieces of gold, not silver.[17]

Theological interpretation

In Zechariah 11:12–13, 30 pieces of silver is the price Zechariah receives for his labour. He takes the coins and throws them "to the potter". Klaas Schilder notes that Zechariah's payment indicates an assessment of his worth, as well as his dismissal.[18] In Exodus 21:32, 30 pieces of silver was the price of a slave, so while Zechariah calls the amount a "handsome price" (Zechariah 11:13), this could be sarcasm. Barry Webb, however, regards it as a "considerable sum of money."[19]

Schilder suggests that these 30 pieces of silver then get "bandied back and forth by the Spirit of Prophecy."[20] When the chief priests decide to buy a field with the returned money, Matthew says that this fulfilled "what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet." Namely, "They took the thirty silver coins, the price set on him by the people of Israel, and they used them to buy the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me" (Matthew 27:9–10). Although many scholars see Jeremiah's name as included in error,[21] Jeremiah's purchase of a field in Jeremiah 32 may indicate that both prophets are in mind.[22] Craig Blomberg argues that Matthew is using typology in his quotation, rather than "any kind of single or double fulfillment of actual predictive prophecy." According to Blomberg, Matthew is telling his readers that, "like Jeremiah and Zechariah, Jesus attempts to lead his people with a prophetic and pastoral ministry, but instead he ends up suffering innocently at their hands."[23] William Hendriksen argues that Matthew is referring to Jeremiah 19.[24]

Blomberg also suggests that Matthew may also be saying that "Jesus' death is a ransom, the price paid to secure a slave's freedom," and that the use of the blood money to buy a burial ground for foreigners (Matthew 27:7) may hint at the idea that "Jesus' death makes salvation possible for all the peoples of the world, including the Gentiles."[25]

The 1877 Handy Book for Bible Readers states that "Argurion, argenteus, denarius. This word occurs in two passages--(A) the account of the betrayal of our Lord for "thirty pieces of silver" (Matt. xxvi. 15; xxvii. 3, 5, 6, 9). These have usually been considered to be denarii, but on no sufficient ground. The parallel passage in Zechariah (xi. 12, 13), is translated "thirty [pieces] of silver"; but which should doubtless be read, "thirty shekels of silver", whilst it is observable that "thirty shekels of silver" was the price of blood to be paid in the case of a servant accidentally killed (Exod. xxi. 32). The passage may therefore be explained as "thirty shekels of silver", not surrent shekels, but tetradrachms of the Attic standard of the Greek cities of Syria and Phoencia. These tetradrachms were common at the time of our Lord, and of them the stater was a specimen."

Relics and depiction in art

Rembrandt's Judas Returning the Thirty Silver Pieces, 1629.

Judas is often shown in narrative scenes from the Passion holding the silver in a bag or purse, where they serve as an attribute to identify him. As one of the "Instruments of the Passion" the Thirty Pieces by themselves often feature in groups of the Instruments, especially in the late Middle Ages, although they are one of the less commonly chosen elements of the group. Sometimes a money bag is used in depictions; otherwise a hand holding the coins, or two hands, showing the counting-out.[26]

The fact that Judas was filled with remorse and returned the money to the chief priests, throwing the coins on the floor of the Temple, before hanging himself, is seldom depicted in art. This would have been contrary to the teachings of the Church that Judas was beyond forgiveness and therefore could not show remorse. One of the few exceptions is the Basilewsky Situla (920), carved in ivory for the visit of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II to Milan, now in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

The Basilewsky Situla (920) (V. & A. Museum, London)

A number of "Judas-pennies", ancient coins said to be from the original thirty, were treated as relics in the Middle Ages, and were believed to help in difficult cases of childbirth.[27][28] As a minor component of the Instruments, and one whose survival was hard to explain given the Biblical account of the use of the money, the relics, and their depiction in art, both appear from the 14th century, later than more important elements like the Crown of Thorns or Spear of Longinus. This was as a result of new styles of devotions, led by the Franciscans in particular, which promoted contemplation of the Passion episode by episode, as in the Stations of the Cross.[29] The stone on which the coins were said to have been counted out was in the Lateran Palace in Rome.[30]

A Syracusan decadrachm held at the Hunt Museum, Limerick is one such coin claimed to be one of the thirty: inscribed on the mount is Quia precium sanguinis est (Latin: "This is the price of blood").[31]

Literary references

The 30 pieces are used in Christian literature on the betrayal of Jesus, as in the poem Thirty Pieces of Silver by William Blane:

"Thirty pieces of silver"
Burns on the traitor's brain;
"Thirty pieces of silver!
Oh! it is hellish gain!"[32]

or as in the poem Matthew XXVII:9 by Jorge Luis Borges:

The coin fell on my hollow hand.
I could not bear it, although it was light,
and I let it fall. It was all in vain.
The other said: "There are still twenty nine."[33]

The phrase "30 pieces of silver" is used more generally to describe a price at which people sell out.[34] In Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, it is echoed in the 30 roubles which the character Sonia earns for selling herself.[35][36] In the folk-song King John and the Bishop, the bishop's answer to the riddle of how much the king is worth is 29 pieces of silver, as no king is worth more than Jesus. In Shakespeare's play Henry IV, Part 2, the mistress of Falstaff asks "and didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings?"[34] The story "Treasure Trove" by F. Tennyson Jesse relates the rediscovery in modern times of the thirty pieces of silver and how they drive men to kill.

Modern usage

The phrase is used to accuse politicians and artists of selling out their principles or ideals, and is also used in literature as a symbol of betrayal. For example, in the aftermath of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, a number of residents of the street in which the Governor General John Kerr had been born sent the Governor 30 pieces of silver,[37] as Kerr was widely blamed for the crisis. Another usage was at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, a spokesman from Tuvalu criticised the final document by saying, "It looks like we are being offered 30 pieces of silver to betray our people and our future ... Our future is not for sale."[38]

The author Jim Butcher uses the coins in his Dresden Files series, in which each coin is the focal point of a fallen angel. This group of angels is known as the Order of the Blackened Denarius, or the Denarians.

The popular Belgian comic book series Blake and Mortimer had a two part story centered on the coins, titled The Curse of the Thirty Denarii (the English title being The Curse of The 30 Pieces of Silver).

In the TV Drama HOUSE, James Wilson uses this phrase, suggesting his testament against his colleague and friend Gregory House.

In the Marvel Comics event Civil War, Iron Man and Captain America are divided in two camps: the former believing that the government should regulate superhuman activities and the latter believing heroes should keep the freedom of personal security. When the superhero Daredevil, who was on Captain America's side, is captured by S.H.I.E.L.D, Tony escorts him to a superhero prison. S.H.I.E.L.D agents tell Tony they found a silver dollar under his tongue, and said he told them he'd been saving it for Stark. Then Daredevil says "Guess that's thirty-one pieces of silver you've got now, huh?", meaning Tony has given up his beliefs of what a superhero should be and betrayed the superhero community.

In the TV sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" there is an episode, "The Vengence Formulation" (Season 3, Episode 9), where Theoretical Physicist, Sheldon Cooper, feels that his roommate, best friend, and colleague, Experimental Physicist, Leonard Hofstadter, betrays him by Leonard taking his girlfriend, Penny, with him to visit the CERN Super Collider in Switzerland for Valentine's Day instead of taking Sheldon despite their "Roommate Agreement" stating that if one friend is offered to visit the Super Collider, then they must bring the other. Sheldon then calls Leonard a traitor on their way to work the next morning. Later during lunch, Sheldon approaches Leonard and places a lunch tray in front of him before walking away. Their colleague and fellow friend, Rajesh Koothrappali, asks what Sheldon placed down in front of Leonard and Leonard's response is "Uhh, let's see... Yep, 30 pieces of silverware."

In 2016, Texas Attorney General files a lawsuit to keep Obama's recommendations (via Education Dept) (re: public school bathroom access for transgenders) from being enforced. The directive states that schools risk their funding if they don't comply -- Texas Governor responds to the US Dept of Ed stating they can "keep their 30 pieces of silver"

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 30 pieces of silver.

References

  1. ↑ Matthew 26:15
  2. ↑ Vincent P. Branick, Understanding the New Testament and Its Message, (Paulist Press, 1998), pp. 126–128.
  3. ↑ Frederick Dale Bruner, Matthew: A Commentary (Eerdmans, 2004), p. 710
  4. ↑ R. T. France, The Gospel of Matthew (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007), 976–979.
  5. ↑ France, The Gospel of Matthew, 1012.
  6. ↑ Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Matthew (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991), 384–387.
  7. ↑ Acts 1:18.
  8. ↑ Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 1889.
  9. ↑ D. J. Wiseman, Illustrations from Biblical Archaeology (London: Tyndale Press, 1958), 87–89.
  10. ↑ Michael E. Marotta (2001). "So-called 'Coins of the Bible'". Retrieved 11 Sep 2010.
  11. ↑ "Ancient Jewish Coins Related to the Works of Josephus"., citing David Hendin's Guide to Biblical Coins and Y. Meshorer's Ancient Jewish Coinage.
  12. ↑ "The role of coins in the First Revolt".
  13. ↑ "Israel photos III".
  14. ↑ "The Tyrian shekel and the Temple of Jerusalem"..
  15. ↑ γλαύξ in Liddell and Scott.
  16. ↑ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.17.4.
  17. ↑ Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011). The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 553. ISBN 9780199732104.
  18. ↑ Klaas Schilder, Christ in His Suffering (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1938), 74.
  19. ↑ Barry Webb, The Message of Zechariah (Bible Speaks Today; Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press, 2003), 151.
  20. ↑ Schilder, Christ in His Suffering, 71.
  21. ↑ John Calvin, for example, says that "the passage itself plainly shows that the name of Jeremiah has been put down by mistake, instead of Zechariah, for in Jeremiah we find nothing of this sort, nor any thing that even approaches to it." John Calvin, Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark and Luke.
  22. ↑ Craig S. Keener, The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 657.
  23. ↑ Craig L. Blomberg, "Matthew," in G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson (eds.), Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), 96.
  24. ↑ William Hendriksen, Exposition of the Gospel According to Matthew (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973), 948.
  25. ↑ Blomberg, "Matthew,", 97.
  26. ↑ Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II (trans. Janet Seligman; London: Lund Humphries, 1972), 190–196.
  27. ↑ G. F. Hill, "Coins and Medals (Western)," in James Hastings and John A. Selbie, (eds.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 6 (Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2003), 703.
  28. ↑ Johannes A. Mol, Klaus Militzer, and Helen J. Nicholson, The Military Orders and the Reformation: Choices, state building, and the weight of tradition (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2006), 287.
  29. ↑ Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II, 190–191
  30. ↑ Piero Della Francesca, Enigma of Piero, (2nd ed., trans. Martin Ryle and Kate Soper; London: Verso Books, 2001), 68.
  31. ↑ http://www.huntmuseum.com/collection/collection-items/mg-034.aspx
  32. ↑ William Blane, "Thirty Pieces of Silver," in The Silent Land and other Poems, (London: E. Stock, 1906), 149.
  33. ↑ Jorge Luis Borges, "Matthew XXVII:9," in La moneda de hierro, (Buenos Aires: 1976).
  34. 1 2 David L. Jeffrey, ed. (1992). A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 766. ISBN 978-0-8028-3634-2.
  35. ↑ Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and punishment, (Ware: Wordsworth Classics, 2000), 17. Note by Keith Carabine on p. 470.
  36. ↑ William J. Leatherbarrow, The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 98.
  37. ↑ The residents of the street in Balmain where he had been born posted him thirty pieces of silver. http://www.australian-politics-books.com/ccp0-prodshow/the-real-joh-kerr-richard-hall.html
  38. ↑ "Future not for sale: climate deal rejected". ABC News. 19 Dec 2009. Retrieved 11 Sep 2010.

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