Thirumangai Alvar

Thirumangai Alvar

Thirumangai Alvar (left) with his wife Kumudavalli (right, only her crown is visible, rest of her image is covered with garlands)
Born Kaliyan
the 8th century CE (traditional dating: 2702 BCE)[1]
kuriayalur (thiruvali-thirunagari)
Died Thirukkurungudi (Thirunelveli dist.)
Titles/honours Alvar saint
Philosophy Vaishnava Bhakti
Literary works Periya Tirumoli, Tirunedunthandakam, Tirukuruthandakam, Tiruvelukkutirukkai, Siriya Tirumadal and Periya Tirumadal

Thirumangai Alvar, also spelt as Tirumangai Alvar and Tirumankai Alvar, or Thirumangai Mannan[2] is the last of the 12 Alvar saints of south India, who are known for their affiliation to Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. He is considered one of the most learned Alvar and the most superior Alvar in the context of composition of verses.[3] He holds the title Narkavi Perumal, the mark of an excellent poet,[3] and Parakala (Beyond Time).

Though he is respected as a Vaishnava saint-poet, he, initially, worked as a military commander, a chieftain and then a robber. After his conversion to Vaishnavism, he confronted practitioners of rival Hindu sect of Shaivism as well as Buddhism and Jainism.

Dating and hagiography

The traditional date attributed to Thirumangai is year 399 of Kaliyuga, that is 2702[4] or 2706 BC,[1] making him traditionally the last of the Alvar saints.[4] Modern scholars have placed the Alvars in between 5th to 9th centuries based on few historical evidence. Dr. N. Subba Reddiar summarizes their views and arrives at the date 776 AD for Thirumangai, making him chronologically the eighth Alvar, though even these dates are disputed.[5] Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar notes he is generally dated to 7th-8th century.[1] Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of Carthage College dates Tirumangai to the 9th century.[6]

The hagiographies detailing the life of Thirumangai and other Alvars are Divya charitam (11th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-arayirappadi (13th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-muvayirappadi (14th century). Other Vaishnava scholars have written hagiographics based on the above works later.[4]

Early life

Thirumangai was born in Thirukuraiyalur, a small village in Tamil Nadu, in a non-Brahmin, kallar family. Thirumangai's real name was Kaliyan or Kalikanti. Thirumangai's father was Nilam , a general under the Chola empire.[2][7] He was skilled in archery and worked as a military commander himself for the Chola king. In recognition of his valour, he was conferred upon the title Parakala and rewarded a small terrority called Ali Nadu to govern, for his military services. Its capital was Thirumangai. He earned the title Thirumangai Mannan or chief of Thirumangai, a name he maintained even when he became a saint.[2][3]

Married life

Vishnu was the patron deity of Thirumangai Alvar and is believed to have given a vision to the saint.

According to the traditional account, he married Kumudavalli, a Vaishnava doctor's adopted daughter at a place Thiruvellakkulam (also known as Annan Kovil)and became a Vaishnava, devotee of the Hindu god Vishnu, under her influence. The temple-god of Thirunaraiyur (Naraiyur Nindra Nambi) – a form of Vishnu – is believed to have initiated Thirumangai into Vaishnavism, by teaching him the pancha samskara. Kumudavalli also got him to promise that he would feed a 1008 Vaishnavas every day for a year. Unable to bear the heavy expense of feeding a thousand people, Thirumangai resorted to highway robbery. One day, Thirumangai tried to remove rings from the toes of a bridegroom but could not do so. Then he realised the bridegroom was none other than the Supreme god Vishnu himself. Narayana revealed himself to Kaliyan and transformed him by teaching the Narayana mantra or Ashtaksara (the eight syllabled) – "namo narayanaya", turning the robber into a saint and starts singing the first verse of Peria Thirumozhi/ Peria Thirumoli (Vaadinen Vaadi).[2][7][8]

The first ten verses of Thirumangai's poem Periya Tirumoli sing of his transformation, after receiving the spiritual knowledge from Vishnu.[7] He sings about his transformation thus:[9]

I became a thief
deceitful and dishonest
I wandered hither and thither
yet light dawned upon me –
I reached Your feet
and instantly your grace fell upon me
with melting heart and choked voice
your praises I sing
bathed in streaming tears
I repeat day and night
the sacred name of Narayana (Vishnu)

As a Vaishnava saint

Transformed by his encounter with God, Thirumangai gave up his chieftainship and became a devout Vaishnava, dedicated to god Vishnu. To atone for his sins, he visited 88 of the Divya Desams, a group of 108 Vishnu shrines primarily in south India.[3] He spread the poems of older Alvars in his wandering.[10] He was also well versed in earlier Tamil literature like Naaladiyar, Thirukkural, Sangam literature and Jain literature.[11]

Thirumangai preached against penance and advocated bhakti (devotion) as way to attain salvation. He composed 6 poems in Tamil, together acoounting for 1361 verses. In the book Divya Prabandham, 1361 verses of Thirumangai are included, making them the most composed by any Alvar.[10] Tamil Vaishnavas consider them as the six Tamil Vedangas or Angas of the 4 poems of Nammalvar, which are considered as Vedas.[3][12] His most important work is Periya Tirumoli, composed of 1084 hymns. The others are: Tirunedunthandakam (30 verses), Tirukuruthandakam (20 verses), Tiruvelukkutirukkai (a single long poem of 47 lines), Siriya Tirumadal (155 lines) and Periya Tirumadal (297 lines).[7][12]

A late ninth century text, Tamilalangaram by Dandapani Swamigal describes him of having the rare privilege of biting god Vishnu's toes and being pardoned for all his sins, as he wrote in Tamil.[13] Vaishnavas consider him as a divine incarnation of Sharanga, Vishnu's bow.[14]

Works

Image of the granite and festival image of Thirumangai in Alwarthirunagari Temple

Periya Tirumoli is the composition of hymns illustrating the greatness of Vaishnava shrines and their presiding deity as well as God's numerous attributes. His songs extol the largest number of shrines – over 40 forms of Vishnu, from Badrinath in North India to Thirukkurungudi in the extreme South. Thirumangai also discusses causes of human suffering and ways to overcome it to achieve salvation. Vedanta Desika praises the work as "a deep insight in spiritual knowledge".[2][7][12]

The word thandakam in Tiru-nedun-thandakam and Tiru-kuru-thandakam refers to the staff used for support for climbing a hill, this refers to God as the support for sustence of the soul in context of the poems. The words nedu and kuru signify the length of the compositions and its poetic meter. In Tirunedunthandakam, Thirumangai speaks as a Nayaki (consort of the Lord), who separated from her beloved God (Nayaka). Tirukuruthandakam speaks dependency of the soul on God and its way to escape suffering being God, who is the sole supporter.[7]

Tiruvelukkutirukkai deals with the concept of surrender to God to attain freedom from suffering, the nature of God and the means of attaining Him.[7]

Periya Tirumadal and Siriya Tirumadal use the madal, an ancient Tamil custom which is practised by a rejected lover to win back his love, though it is prohibited for women. The custom evolves singing about his love in love, devoid of food and sleep and finally trying to commit suicide before her if all things fail.[12] Thirumangai sings as a woman threatening Lord to finish her life if He can not reciprocate her love. He assumes the role of a gopika (milkmaid) who threats Krishna (a form of Vishnu) with madal. He defends the gopika's actions of performing the prohibited madal, by saying that he follows the Sanskrit literary tradition who permits madal for women, not the Tamil one.[15] His songs are also based on akam love poems, and talk of employing bees and storks are messengers to God.[10] He goes to the length of portraying himself as the nayaki, pining for the love of Vishnu.[7][11]

Interaction with other faiths

Thirumangai is described to have met the Shaiva saint Thirugnana sambandhar (pictured).

Thirumangai was a self-confessed religious bigot.[11] He was instrumental in the decline of Jainism in south India.[16] He is known for building of the third wall at the Vishnu temple, Srirangam for which he melted a gold Buddha statue from the Negapatam monastery. This indicates a conflict with Buddhism.[17]

Thirumangai plundered "refractory" Shaivas (devotees of Lord Shiva) and lived on the acquired wealth.[3] He is described as cold-hearted Vaishnava who defeated the rival Shaivas by his words or even "argumentum ad baculum".[3] Vaishnava texts like Divyasuri charitam and Guruparamparai prabhavams tell of his meeting with Thirugnana sambandhar, a Shaiva saint, who went to meet Thirumangai on his own and invited Thirumangai to his home town Sirkazhi so that Thirumangai would compose a poem in praise of the local deity Thadaalan.[11] On the request of Thirugnana sambandhar at Sirkazhi, Thirumangai composed a poem on the spot, which was admired by the Shaiva – who granted Thirumangai a trident as a mark of appreciation.[18]

Temples

In Hampi's Vitthala temple complex, a temple was dedicated to Thirumangai.[19]

Festival

The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana utsavam(festival)in the month of Thai(Jan–Feb) witnesses 11 Garudasevai a spectacular event in which festival images idols from the 11 Thirunaangur Divyadesam shrines in the area are brought on Garuda mounts to Thirunangur. An idol of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought here on a Hamsa Vahanam(swan) and his paasurams(verses) dedicated to each of these 11 temples are recited. The Utsavar(festival deity) of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Sri Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the 11 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The paasurams(poems) dedicated to each of the 11 Divyadesams are chanted in the respective shrines.[20]

Legacy

The Nangur Vishnu Temples are regarded to have been sanctified by him.[21] K. C. Varadachari, author of Alvars of South India describes Thirumangai as:[10]

He was a petty chieftain. He in many respects a dynamic figure, ardent in love, spectacular in his deeds, a rebel and a social reformer, even a kind of Robin Hood, and above all an exquisite lyricist.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1911). Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India. pp. 403–404, 409. ISBN 9788120618503.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 VK 2006, p.49
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pillai 1994, pp. 192–4
  4. 1 2 3 Chari 1997, p. 10
  5. ↑ Chari p.11
  6. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chari 1997, pp. 29–32
  8. ↑ Krishnaraj, Veeraswamy (2002). The Bhagavad-Gita: Translation and Commentary. iUniverse. p. 181. ISBN 9781475911817.
  9. ↑ Heehs, Peter (2002). Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience. C. Hurst, Publishers, Limited. ISBN 9781850654964.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Das 2006, p. 41
  11. 1 2 3 4 Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot, Volume 5. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4337. ISBN 9788126012213.
  12. 1 2 3 4 T. 2002, p. 59
  13. ↑ Ā. Irā, Vēṅkaṭācalapati (2006). In Those Days There was No Coffee: Writings in Cultural History. Yoda Press. p. 105. ISBN 9788190227278.
  14. ↑ Chari 1997, p. 13
  15. ↑ T. 2002, pp. 59–60
  16. ↑ Singh, N. Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Jainism. Anmol Publications. p. 878. ISBN 978-81-261-0691-2.
  17. ↑ Das 2006, p.37
  18. ↑ "Thirumangai Azhwar's unique distinction". The Hindu. 18 July 2002. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  19. ↑ Mack, Alexandra (2002). Spiritual Journey, Imperial City: Pilgrimage to the Temples of Vijayanagara. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. pp. 106–107. ISBN 9788179360040.
  20. ↑ "Garuda Sevai" (PDF). Ramanuja.org. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  21. ↑ "Facets of South Indian art and architecture", originally from the University of Michigan, p. 263. ISBN 978-8173052460.

References

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