Tidal bore

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A bore in Morecambe Bay, the United Kingdom.
The tidal bore in Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska

A tidal bore,[1] often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the river or bay's current.

Description

Bores occur in relatively few locations worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than 6 metres (20 ft) between high and low water) and where incoming tides are funneled into a shallow, narrowing river or lake via a broad bay.[2] The funnel-like shape not only increases the tidal range, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide, down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. A tidal bore takes place during the flood tide and never during the ebb tide.

Undular bore and whelps near the mouth of Araguari River in north-eastern Brazil. View is oblique toward mouth from airplane at approximately 100 ft (30 m) altitude.[3]

A tidal bore may take on various forms, ranging from a single breaking wavefront with a roller – somewhat like a hydraulic jump[4][5] – to undular bores, comprising a smooth wavefront followed by a train of secondary waves known as whelps.[6] Large bores can be particularly unsafe for shipping but also present opportunities for river surfing.[6]

Two key features of a tidal bore are the intense turbulence and turbulent mixing generated during the bore propagation, as well as its rumbling noise. The visual observations of tidal bores highlight the turbulent nature of the surging waters. The tidal bore induces a strong turbulent mixing in the estuarine zone, and the effects may be felt along considerable distances. The velocity observations indicate a rapid deceleration of the flow associated with the passage of the bore as well as large velocity fluctuations.[7][8] A tidal bore creates a powerful roar that combines the sounds caused by the turbulence in the bore front and whelps, entrained air bubbles in the bore roller, sediment erosion beneath the bore front and of the banks, scouring of shoals and bars, and impacts on obstacles. The bore rumble is heard far away because its low frequencies can travel over long distances. The low-frequency sound is a characteristic feature of the advancing roller in which the air bubbles entrapped in the large-scale eddies are acoustically active and play the dominant role in the rumble-sound generation.[9]

Etymology

The word bore derives through Old English from the Old Norse word bára, meaning "wave" or "swell".

Effects

The tidal bores may be dangerous and many bores have had a sinister reputation: the River Seine (France); the Petitcodiac River (Canada); and the Colorado River (Mexico), to name a few. In China, despite warning signs erected along the banks of the Qiantang River, a number of fatalities occur each year by people who take too much risk with the bore.[2] The tidal bores affect the shipping and navigation in the estuarine zone, for example, in Papua New Guinea (Fly and Bamu Rivers), Malaysia (Benak at Batang Lupar), and India (Hoogly bore).

On the other hand, tidal bore-affected estuaries are rich feeding zones and breeding grounds of several forms of wildlife.[2] The estuarine zones are the spawning and breeding grounds of several native fish species, while the aeration induced by the tidal bore contributes to the abundant growth of many species of fish and shrimps (for example in the Rokan River). The tidal bores also provide opportunity for recreational inland surfing.

Scientific studies

Scientific studies have been carried out at the River Dee[10] in the United Kingdom, the Garonne[11][12][13][14][15] and Sélune[16] rivers in France, and the Daly River[17] in Australia. The force of the tidal bore flow often poses a challenge to scientific measurements, as evidenced by a number of field work incidents in the River Dee,[10] Rio Mearim, Daly River,[17] and Sélune River.[16]

Rivers and bays with tidal bores

Rivers and bays that have been known to exhibit bores include those listed below.[2][18]

Asia


Europe

United Kingdom

The Trent Aegir seen from West Stockwith, Nottinghamshire, 20 September 2005
The Trent Aegir at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, 20 September 2005
A tidal bore wave moves along the River Ribble between the entrances to the Rivers Douglas and Preston.
Tidal bore on the River Ribble

France

The phenomenon is generally named un mascaret in French.[19] but some other local names are preferred.[18]

Papua New Guinea

North America

United States

Tidal bore on the Petitcodiac River

Canada

Most rivers draining into the upper Bay of Fundy between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have tidal bores. Notable ones include:

Mexico

Historically, there was a tidal bore on the Gulf of California in Mexico at the mouth of the Colorado River. It formed in the estuary about Montague Island and propagated upstream. Once very strong, later diversions of the river for irrigation have weakened the flow of the river to the point the tidal bore has nearly disappeared.

South America

Lakes with tidal bores

Lakes with an ocean inlet can also exhibit tidal bores.

North America

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sometimes also known as an aegir, eagre, or eygre in the context of specific instances in Britain.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Chanson, H. (2011). Tidal Bores, Aegir, Eagre, Mascaret, Pororoca. Theory and Observations. World Scientific, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4335-41-6.
  3. ↑ Figure 5 in: Susan Bartsch-Winkler; David K. Lynch (1988), Catalog of worldwide tidal bore occurrences and characteristics (Circular 1022), U. S. Geological Survey
  4. ↑ Chanson, H. (2012). Momentum considerations in hydraulic jumps and bores. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 138, No. 4, pp. 382–385 (DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000409) (ISSN 0733-9437). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000409. ISSN 0372-0187.
  5. ↑ Chanson, H. (2009). "Current Knowledge In Hydraulic Jumps And Related Phenomena. A Survey of Experimental Results". European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids. 28 (2): 191–210. Bibcode:2009EJMF...28..191C. doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.06.004. ISSN 0997-7546.
  6. 1 2 3 Chanson, H. (2009). Environmental, Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Tidal Bores, Benaks, Bonos and Burros. Proc. International Workshop on Environmental Hydraulics IWEH09, Theoretical, Experimental and Computational Solutions, Valencia, Spain, 29–30 Oct., Editor P.A. Lopez-Jimenez et al., Invited keynote lecture, 20 pages (CD-ROM).
  7. ↑ Koch, C. and Chanson, H. (2008). "Turbulent Mixing beneath an Undular Bore Front". Journal of Coastal Research. 24 (4): 999–1007. doi:10.2112/06-0688.1.
  8. ↑ Koch, C. and Chanson, H. (2009). "Turbulence Measurements in Positive Surges and Bores". Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR. 47 (1): 29–40. doi:10.3826/jhr.2009.2954.
  9. ↑ Chanson, H. (2009). "The Rumble Sound Generated by a Tidal Bore Event in the Baie du Mont Saint Michel". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 125 (6): 3561–3568. Bibcode:2009ASAJ..125.3561C. doi:10.1121/1.3124781.
  10. 1 2 Simpson, J.H., Fisher, N.R., and Wiles, P. (2004). "Reynolds Stress and TKE Production in an Estuary with a Tidal Bore". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 60 (4): 619–627. Bibcode:2004ECSS...60..619S. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.03.006. during this […] deployment, the [ADCP] instrument was repeatedly buried in sediment after the 1st tidal cycle and had to be dug out of the sediment, with considerable difficulty, at the time of recovery.
  11. ↑ Chanson, H., Lubin, P., Simon, B., and Reungoat, D. (2010). Turbulence and Sediment Processes in the Tidal Bore of the Garonne River: First Observations. Hydraulic Model Report No. CH79/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 97 pages. ISBN 978-1-74272-010-4.
  12. ↑ Simon, B., Lubin, P., Reungoat, D., Chanson, H. (2011). Turbulence Measurements in the Garonne River Tidal Bore: First Observations. Proc. 34th IAHR World Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 26 June-1 July, Engineers Australia Publication, Eric Valentine, Colin Apelt, James Ball, Hubert Chanson, Ron Cox, Rob Ettema, George Kuczera, Martin Lambert, Bruce Melville and Jane Sargison Editors, pp. 1141–1148. ISBN 978-0-85825-868-6.
  13. ↑ Chanson, H., Reungoat, D., Simon, B., Lubin, P. (2012). "High-Frequency Turbulence and Suspended Sediment Concentration Measurements in the Garonne River Tidal Bore". Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 95: 298–306. Bibcode:2011ECSS...95..298C. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.09.012. ISSN 0272-7714.
  14. ↑ Reungoat, D., Chanson, H., Caplain, C. (2014). "Sediment Processes and Flow Reversal in the Undular Tidal Bore of the Garonne River (France)". Environmental Fluid Mechanics. 14 (3): 591–616. doi:10.1007/s10652-013-9319-y. ISSN 1567-7419.
  15. ↑ Reungoat, D., Chanson, H., Keevil, C. (2014). "Turbulence, Sedimentary Processes and Tidal Bore Collision in the Arcins Channel, Garonne River (October 2013)". Hydraulic Model Report No. CH94/14, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 145 pages. ISBN 9781742721033.
  16. 1 2 Mouazé, D., Chanson, H., and Simon, B. (2010). Field Measurements in the Tidal Bore of the Sélune River in the Bay of Mont Saint Michel (September 2010). Hydraulic Model Report No. CH81/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 72 pages. ISBN 978-1-74272-021-0. the field study experienced a number of problems and failures. About 40 s after the passage of the bore, the metallic frame started to move. The ADV support failed completely 10 minutes after the tidal bore.
  17. 1 2 Wolanski, E., Williams, D., Spagnol, S., and Chanson, H. (2004). "Undular Tidal Bore Dynamics in the Daly Estuary, Northern Australia". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 60 (4): 629–636. Bibcode:2004ECSS...60..629W. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.03.001. About 20 min after the passage of the bore the two aluminium frames at site C were toppled. […] A 3-min-duration patch of macroturbulence was observed. […] This unsteady motion was sufficiently energetic to topple moorings that had survived much higher, quasi-steady currents of 1.8 m/s.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chanson, H. (2008). Photographic Observations of Tidal Bores (Mascarets) in France. Hydraulic Model Report No. CH71/08, Univ. of Queensland, Australia, 104 pages. ISBN 978-1-86499-930-3.
  19. ↑ (French) definition of mascaret
  20. ↑ p.159, Barrie R. Bolton. 2009. The Fly River, Papua New Guinea: Environmental Studies in an Impacted Tropical River System. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0444529640.
  21. ↑ Petitcodiac River changing faster than expected
  22. ↑ Natural History of Nova Scotia Vol. I, Chap. T^ "Ocean Currents", p. 109
  23. ↑ (English) "Pororoca: surfing the Amazon" indicates that "The record that we could find for surfing the longest distance on the Pororoca was set by Picuruta Salazar, a brazilian surfer who, in 2003, managed to ride the wave for 37 minutes and travel 12.5 kilometres [7.8 mi]."
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