Tissø

Tissø

A map of lake Tissø, the in- and outflows and the nearby towns.
Location Zealand, Kalundborg Municipality
Coordinates 55°34′N 11°18′E / 55.57°N 11.3°E / 55.57; 11.3Coordinates: 55°34′N 11°18′E / 55.57°N 11.3°E / 55.57; 11.3
Type Kettle hole
Primary inflows Øvre Halleby/Åmose Å, Duemose Bæk, Tranemose Å
Primary outflows Nedre Halleby/Åmose Å
Catchment area 417.89 km2
Surface area 1,233 ha (3,050 acres)
Average depth 8.2 m (27 ft)
Max. depth 13.5 m (44 ft)
Water volume 100.64 mill. m3
Surface elevation 2 m (6.6 ft)
Islands 0
Settlements Sæby

Tissø is the 4th largest freshwater lake in Denmark, at 12.3 km2. It is located on the western part of Zealand, in the municipality of Kalundborg.

There are several small towns and villages near the lake, of which Sæby is the biggest at 343 citizens (2013).[1]

Etymology

Tissø means The Gods Lake, but the etymology and meaning is not obvious. Basically the name can be broken into 'Tis-sø', where 'sø' means lake in a literal and simple translation from Danish to English. 'Tis' is the more interesting part and refers to the old god Tir, who have given name to many places in Denmark like Tisvilde, Tirslund or Thisted fx., and Tissø was originally known as Tirs Lake. However the word 'Ti' is also an Old Danish word meaning God, without being specific. At some point during the Iron Age, the new god Tor took over Tirs role as a God of War and therefore Tissø was then on referred to as The Gods Lake, relying on the meaning of the word 'ti' and without being specific about which god, or gods for that matter. [2][3]

In recent years, a slightly different understanding of the origins of the name Tissø have emerged. It is possible, that the name originally was Tis-ø and that the extra s have been added later on, when name-recording was needed. The pronunciation of Tissø and Tis-ø is almost the same, but the later translates as Tirs Island, referring to the area around Fugledegård on the western brink of the lake. Fugledegård was once a settlement and a magnates residence in the Viking Age and situated on a relatively high lying area, it used to be an island or islet rather. Remains of a cult-house have been excavated and there are numerous remains of animal sacrifices and religious practises at Fugledegård. There is no doubt that the area was an important religious site in former ages and there is thus a possibility, that it also gave name to the entire lake eventually.[3][4]

There are many myths and folklore stories about the origin of lake Tissø.[3]

History

The lake of Tissø was created after the ice receded, at the end of the last ice age. Parts of the ice cover were left behind and landlocked in valleys of the virgin lands. Such ice pockets are known as dead-ice and as the climate steadily warmed up, they melted and turned into freshwater lakes also known as kettle holes.

Tissø have always had a great importance for the people living here. In the earliest of times, humans hunted around the lake in the summer months and there are numerous traces of their activities in the area and the wetlands now surrounding the lake. Maglemosen southwest of the lake and Åmosen to the east, are of special mention here, since they have revealed defining archaeological finds of the socalled Maglemosian culture and Kongemose culture, in the years 1900 and 1952 respectively.

Later on, when the climate warmed up and people begun to build permanent settlements, the lake also became important as a place of sacrifition and votive offerings. There have been many finds from the Iron Age and Viking Age and the cult practices continued on after the Christianization of Denmark even.[4]

Kalmargården

There are several excavations of Iron Age settlements around Tissø and in 1976 a large golden ornamental ring manufactured in the 10th century, was unearthed during a regular field-plowing. The Tissø Ring is a neck-ring with a diameter of 30 cm and at 1.83 kg (originally 2 kg), it is one of the largest gold finds in Denmark.[5] This led to professional investigations and remains of a Viking estate was discovered at the site now known as 'Kalmargården', near Fugledegård on the western lakebrink.[6] In 1995-2003 large scale excavations revealed, that the total settlement covered c. 500,000 m2 (50 ha), centered around a 12 x 48 m hall and with several buildings and structures believed to have ritualistic purposes.[7] In 2012 remains of another large hall measuring 8 x 35 m was discovered.[8] The magnates residence of Kalmargården, greatly resemble the residences excavated at 'Old Lejre' in central Zealand and at Järrestad in Scania. It has been suggested that Kalmargården served as a seasonal residence for the royal family based in Old Lejre.[5]

Some of the historic evidence is on exhibit at Kalundborg Museum in Kalundborg and others are on exhibit at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. There is a visitor center near the Viking magnate's former residence; Fugledegård visitor centre.

Nature

The white-tailed eagle living at lake Tissø are rare in Denmark. The species became extinct in the country in 1917, but returned in 1995 and the population is growing. The birds are occasionally found breeding at the lake.[9][10]

Even though Tissø is steadily polluted by excessive nutrients from the surrounding farmlands and inflows, the environmental standard of the lake is usually considered good, because of the high level of water exchange and the effective natural oxygenation of the surface waters. Therefore, the lake supports a rich fish and plant life, with around 20 species of fish living here. Most of the fish are spending their entire life in the lake, but a few like the ide and the brown trout are migrating from the sea through the stream of Nedre Halleby Å. Surprisingly the lake also houses European flounder. The flounder can live in the fresh waters of the lake, but they cannot spawn here.[11] Tissø formerly supported professional fishing, but is now exclusively fished by anglers.[12] Fishing is strongly regulated nowadays, requiring a fishing licence[13] and restricted to the daylight hours more than 100 m from the shores. Two larger areas of the western part of the lake, is also to be protected from both fishing and sailing, and rules apply to what size and kind of fish can be caught. According to the angling association 'Lystfiskeriforeningen Anno 1886', the lake is dominated by European perch, but a good sized population of northern pike is here as well. Other common fish includes tench, various carps and European eel. There is a small and fragile population of zander.[14]

Birds

Tissø is home to a rich and varied birdlife and occasionally hunting white-tailed eagles or ospreys can be seen - a site rare in Denmark.[15] On the lake itself great crested grebe, common merganser, various dabbling and diving ducks, greylag goose, bean goose, Canada goose, mute swan, whooper swan, tundra swan and Eurasian coot are usual residents. The beach meadows and reed beds house many foraging and breeding birds like pied avocet, little tern, common reed bunting, Eurasian reed warbler and western marsh harrier in addition to Eurasian bittern, bearded reedling, Eurasian penduline tit and common grasshopper warbler. Almost all of the lakeside is on private hands, but there is a publicly accessible birdwatching tower near Fugledegård.[15] Both the lake and the associated reed beds are of international importance to migratory birds, so hunting and ordinary traffic is strongly regulated in the eastern section.[16]

Plants

On the southeastern shores near the village of Sæby is a protected strip of land consisting of dry commons on steep slopes, where human traffic is prohibited from 1 April to 15 July. The protection safeguards a special plant life here, breeding birds and the general view of the lake. North of this strip is a small deciduous forest known as Klinteskoven, with public access to the lake shores.[16]

The steep slopes at Tissø's northern end is also to be protected. Here sunloving plants like small pasque flower, sunrose and dwarf everlast are found, with the rare and threatened fragrant scabious in between. The meadows below the cliffs are also of botanical interest, supporting plants like marsh lousewort, bog-star and various true sedges like blue sedge along with orchids like early marsh orchid, western marsh orchid and marsh helleborine, in a biotope of calcium-rich springs.[11][17]

The nature park

The lake of Tissø is part of Naturpark Åmosen; a c. 8,000 ha nature park consisting primarily of Natura 2000 designations. Tissø itself belongs to Natura 2000 area 157 specifically.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Statistics Denmark Satistikbanken Tabel BEF44.
  2. ↑ Tyr fra Tissø – et offerfund fra jernalderen Kalundborg Museum (Danish)
  3. 1 2 3 Tissø Department of Scandinavian Research, University of Copenhagen (Danish)
  4. 1 2 "Sacrifices to the Norse God Tyr?". National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Who was the magnate at the Tissø residence?". National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved 10 October 2015. Picture of the Tissø Ring.
  6. ↑ "The magnate dynasty at Tissø". National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  7. ↑ "The magnate's courtyard at Tissø". National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  8. ↑ "Ny hal fundet ved Tissø" (in Danish). National Museum of Denmark. October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  9. ↑ "Now more than 50 pairs of breeding white-tail eagles in Denmark" (in Danish). Danish Ornithological Association (DOF). September 17, 2013.
  10. ↑ Project Eagle Danish Ornithological Association DOF (p.8-25), 2012 (Danish)
  11. 1 2 Fugledegård at Tissø Danish Nature Agency 2004 (Danish)
  12. ↑ Naturparkplan Naturpark Åmosen, 2013, p.50 (Danish)
  13. ↑ Welcome to the Fishing Licence System The Danish AgriFish Agency
  14. ↑ Tissø Lystfiskeriforeningen Anno 1886 (The Angling Association) (Danish)
  15. 1 2 Be close to white-tailed eagles Danish Nature Agency (Danish)
  16. 1 2 Tissø Danish Nature Agency (Danish)
  17. ↑ Naturpark Åmosen: Administrationplan for the protected areas at Tissø Orbicon, 2009 (p.9-10) (Danish)
  18. ↑ 157 Åmose, Tissø, Halleby Å and Flasken Danish Nature Agency (Danish)

Sources and literature

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