Titanate

In chemistry, titanate usually refers to inorganic compounds composed of titanium oxides. In some cases, the term is used more generally for any titanium-containing anion, e.g. [TiCl6]2− and [Ti(CO)7]2−. This article focuses on the oxides.

Many kinds of titanium oxides are known, and some are commercially important. Typically these materials are white, diamagnetic, high-melting, and insoluble in water. They are often prepared at high temperatures, e.g. using tube furnaces, from titanium dioxide. In virtually all cases, titanium achieves octahedral coordination geometry.[1]

Orthotitanates

Orthotitanates have the formulae M2TiO4 where M is divalent. An example of such a material is the magnesium titanate (Mg2TiO4), which adopts the spinel structure. Li2TiO3 is not considered a titanate since it adopts the rock-salt structure, and does not feature an identifiable titanium anion. Orthotitanates almost never feature identifiable TiO44− centres, an exception being Ba2TiO4.[2]

Titanic acid and its esters

Also called orthotitanic acid or titanium hydroxide, the substance H4TiO4 (CASNo 20338-08-3) is called titanic acid. This material, which is not well defined, is obtained by hydrolysis of TiCl4.[3] The solid is unstable with respect to loss of water and formation of titanium dioxide. "Esters" of orthotitanic acid are known, however; one example being titanium isopropoxide. Esters derived from smaller alcohols adopt more complex structures wherein titanium does achieve octahedral coordination,

Metatitanates

The metatitanates have the formula MTiO3, where again M is divalent. They do not feature discrete TiO32− centres. Some crystallize in a hexagonal closest packing motif seen in corundum. This motif is illustrated by the commercially important mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3). Alternatively, some materials with the formula MTiO3 crystallize in the motif known as Perovskite (structure), which is also the name of the mineral form of calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Barium titanate is a ferroelectric peroviskite.[1]

Complex titanates

More complex titanates are also known, such as bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 1121–23. ISBN 0-08-022057-6..
  2. ↑ Wu, Kang Kun; Brown, I. D. (10 April 1973). "The Crystal Structure of β-Barium Orthotitanate, β-Ba2TiO4, and the Bond Strength-Bond Length Curve of Ti-O". Acta Crystallographica. B29: 2009–2012. doi:10.1107/S0567740873005959.
  3. ↑ Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 421.
  4. ↑ Galasso, F. S.; Kestigan, M. (2007), "Bismuth Titanate, Bi4Ti3O12", Inorg. Synth., 30: 121, doi:10.1002/9780470132616.ch24.
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