Tody

Todies
Temporal range: early Oligocene – Recent
Jamaican tody (Todus todus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Todidae
Vigors, 1825
Genus: Todus
Brisson, 1760
Species

See text

Global range (In green)

The todies are a family, Todidae, of Caribbean birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. The family has one genus, Todus. These are small, near passerine species of forests of the Greater Antilles: Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba, with adjacent islands, have one species each, and Hispaniola has two, the broad-billed tody in the lowlands (including Gonâve Island) and the narrow-billed tody in the highlands.[1][2]

Description

Todies range in weight from 5 to 7 g and in length from 10 to 11.5 cm. They have colourful plumage, resemble kingfishers in their general shape. They have green heads, backs and wings, red throats (absent in immature Puerto Rican, broad-billed, and narrow-billed Todies[1]) with a white and blue-grey stripe on each side, and yellow undertail coverts; the colour of the rest of the undersides is pale and varies according to species. The irises are pale grey. They have long, flattened bills (as do many flycatching birds) with serrated edges; the upper mandible is black and the lower is red with a little black. The legs, and especially the feet, are small.[2] Todies are highly vocal, except that the Jamaican tody seldom calls in the non-breeding season (August to November);[1] they give simple, unmusical buzzing notes, beeps, and guttural rattles, puffing their throats out with every call.[2] Their wings produce a "strange, whirring rattle", though mostly when courting or defending territory in the Puerto Rican tody.[1]

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

Todies eat small prey such as insects and lizards. Insects, particularly grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, bugs, butterflies, bees, wasps, and ants, form the greater part of the diet. Spiders and millipedes may also be taken, as is a small amount of fruit (2% of the diet).[3] Todies typically sit on a low, small branch, singly or in pairs, keeping still or stepping or hopping sideways. When they see prey moving on the lower surface of a leaf, they fly a short distance (averaging 2.2 m in the broad-billed tody and 1.0 m in the Puerto Rican tody[1]), diagonally upward to glean it. They may also take prey from the ground, occasionally chasing it with a few hops. Todies are generally sedentary; the longest single flight known for the broad-billed tody is 40 m.[1][2] Their activity is greatest in the morning when sunny weather follows rain, and in March and September.[1]

Breeding

Like most of the Coraciiformes, todies nest in tunnels, which they dig with their beaks and feet in steep banks[2] or rotten tree trunks.[1] The tunnel is 30 cm long in the Cuban and narrow-billed Todies, 30 to 60 cm in the broad-billed tody,[1] and ends in a nest chamber, generally not reused. They lay about four round white eggs in the chamber. Both parents incubate but are surprisingly inattentive to the eggs. The young are altricial and stay in the nest until they can fly. Both parents also care for the nestlings, much more attentively; they may feed each chick up to 140 times per day, the highest rate known among birds.[2]

Fossil species

A prehistoric genus, Palaeotodus, is known from fossils dated to the early Oligocene. Discovered in France and in Germany, these fossils suggest that the family was once far more widespread than it is today.[4]

Species list

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Raffaele, Herbert; James Wiley; Orlando H. Garrido; Allan Keith; Janis I. Raffaele (1998). A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. pp. 341–343. ISBN 0-691-08736-9. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fry, C. Hilary (2003). "Todies". In Perrins, Christopher. Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. p. 373. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  3. ↑ Kepler, A. K. (2001). "Family Todidae (Todies)". In J. del Hoyo; A. Elliott; J. Sargatal. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 6, Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-30-X.
  4. ↑ Mayr, Gerald; Knopf, Charles W. (2007). "A Tody (Alcediniformes: Todidae) from the Early Oligocene of Germany". The Auk. 124 (4): 1294. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1294:ATATFT]2.0.CO;2.
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