Treaty of London (1913)

Treaty of London

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Borders of the Balkan states after the Treaty of London and the Treaty of Bucharest
Signed 30 May 1913
Location London, United Kingdom
Signatories  Bulgaria
 Ottoman Empire
 Serbia
 Greece
 Montenegro
 Italy
 Germany
 Russia
 Austria-Hungary

The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May during the London Conference of 1912–13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.[1]

History

The combatants were the victorious Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Kingdom of Bulgaria, and Montenegro) and the defeated Ottoman Empire. Representing the Great Powers were the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Hostilities had officially ceased on 2 December 1912, except for Greece that had not participated in the first truce. Three principal points were in dispute:

The Treaty[2] was negotiated in London at an international conference which had opened there in December 1912, following the declaration of independence by Albania on 28 November 1912.

Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly supported the creation of an independent Albania. In part, this was consistent with Austria-Hungary's previous policy of resisting Serb expansion to the Adriatic; Italy had designs on the territory, manifested in 1939. Russia supported Serbia and Montenegro. Germany and Britain remained neutral. The balance of power struck between the members of the Balkan League had been on the assumption that no Albanian polity would be formed and Albanian territory would be split between them.

Terms

Signing of the Peace Treaty on 30 May 1913

The terms enforced by the Great Powers were:[2]

However, the division of the territories ceded to the Balkan League was not addressed in the Treaty, and Serbia refused to carry out the division agreed with Bulgaria in their treaty of March 1912. As a result of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the de facto military division of Macedonia, the Second Balkan War broke out between the combatants on 16 June 1913.[3] A final peace was agreed at the Treaty of Bucharest on 12 August 1913.

Perceptions of the Treaty

The delineation of the exact boundaries of the Albanian state under the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) was highly unpopular among the local Greek population of Southern Albania (or Northern Epirus for Greeks), who after their revolt managed to declare the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, which was internationally recognised as an autonomous region inside Albania under the terms of the Protocol of Corfu.[4]

Albanians have tended to regard the Treaty as an injustice imposed by the Great Powers, alleging that roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anderson, Frank Marby; Amos Shartle Hershey (1918). "The Treaty of London, 1913". Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. Washington, DC: National Board for Historical Service, Government Printing Office.
  2. 1 2 "(HIS,P) Treaty of Peace between Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia on the one part and Turkey on the other part. (London) 17/30 May 1913". Zum.de. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  3. ↑ Richard C. Hall,The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913
  4. ↑ Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania or Northern Epirus in European International Affairs, 1912–1923. Stanford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8047-6171-0. By the terms of the agreement of Corfu the Epirotes obtained the autonomy for which they had struggled
  5. ↑ Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M.E. Sharpe. p. 675. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. Retrieved 29 May 2012. "Roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders"
  6. ↑ Elsie, Robert (2010), "Independent Albania (1912—1944)", Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. lix, ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC 454375231, retrieved 4 February 2012, ... about 30 percent of the Albanian population were excluded from the new state/about 40% ... found themselves excluded from this new country p.243
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