TriMet

TriMet

Overview
Locale	Portland metropolitan area, Oregon
Transit type	Local bus Light rail Commuter rail Streetcar
Number of lines	Bus: 78[1] MAX Light Rail: 5[2] WES Commuter Rail: 1[2] Portland Streetcar: 2 (operated under contract on behalf of the City of Portland)[3]
Number of stations	Light rail: 97 [2] Commuter rail: 5[2]
Daily ridership	319,700 (Q4 2014, weekday average)[4]
Website	trimet.org
Operation
Began operation	December 1, 1969[5]
Number of vehicles	Buses: 659[2] Light rail: 145[2] Commuter rail: 6[2]
Technical
System length	Light rail: 60 miles (97 km)[2] Commuter rail: 14.7 miles (23.7 km)[2]
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge)

TriMet, more formally known as the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon, is a public agency that operates mass transit in a region that spans most of the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Created in 1969 by the Oregon legislature, the district replaced five private bus companies that operated in the three counties; Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas. TriMet started operating a light rail system named MAX in 1986, which has since been expanded to 5 lines that now cover 59.7 miles (96.1 km), as well as a commuter rail line in 2009. It also provides the operators and maintenance personnel for the City of Portland-owned Portland Streetcar system.

In addition to rail lines, TriMet provides the region's bus system, as well as LIFT paratransit service. There are 659 buses in TriMet's fleet that operate on 78 lines. In Fiscal Year 2013, the entire system averaged almost 316,700 rides per weekday and operates buses and trains between the hours of approximately 5 a.m. and 2 a.m. with no "night owl" service. TriMet's annual budget for FY2014 is $489 million, with over half of revenues coming from a district-wide payroll tax.^[6] The district is overseen by a seven-person board of governors appointed by the state's governor. In 2014, the agency has around 2,500 employees.^[7]

General information

TriMet is "a municipal corporation of the State of Oregon", with powers to tax, issue bonds, and enact police ordinances and is governed by a seven-member board of directors appointed by the Governor of Oregon.^[8] It has its own boundary, which currently encompasses an area of about 533 square miles (1,380 km²).^[2] The TriMet district serves portions of the counties of Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas; it extends from Troutdale to Forest Grove east to west, and from Sauvie Island to Oregon City and Estacada north to south.

For more than 30 years the agency called itself Tri-Met, but it formally dropped the hyphen from its name in 2002, as part of a new corporate identity strategy involving a redesigned logo and new color scheme for its vehicles and other media.^[9]

TriMet was formed in 1969 after disputes between the Portland city council and Rose City Transit Company, the private company that previously operated the bus system serving the city (but not its suburbs).^[5] The new public agency was created by an ordinance of the Portland city council, under provisions of a law enacted by the 1969 Oregon Legislature, and took over all of Rose City Transit's service and fleet effective December 1, 1969.^[10] Bus service in the suburban portions of the metropolitan area was operated by four smaller private companies which had a common union and were collectively known as the "Blue Bus" lines: Portland Stages, Tualatin Valley Buses, Intercity Buses and Estacada-Molalla Stages. These were taken over by TriMet on September 6, 1970.^[11] Eighty-eight buses owned by the four suburban companies were transferred to TriMet,^[12] but many were found to be in poor condition^[13] and the TriMet board soon took action to replace them with new buses.

As of January 2016, TriMet operates a total of 659 buses on 78 routes, 145 MAX light rail cars on five lines, and 268 LIFT paratransit vehicles.^[2] Each of the five MAX and 12 of the bus lines are designated as "Frequent Service" lines, scheduled to operate at headways of 15 minutes or less for most of the service day (service is less frequent in the early morning and late evening).^[14]

TriMet connects to several other mass transit systems:^[15]

• C-Tran, the public transit district for Vancouver and Clark County, Washington
• Canby Area Transit, the public transit service for Canby and rural areas south of Oregon City along Highway 99E (formerly within the TriMet district)
• Cherriots, the public transit service for Salem and Keizer. This connection is at the Wilsonville Station of TriMet's WES Commuter Rail rail line.
• Columbia County Rider, the public transit service for Scappoose, St. Helens, and Columbia County^[16]
• Portland Streetcar, a circulator streetcar service in downtown Portland and neighborhoods near downtown
• Sandy Area Metro, the public transit service for Sandy (formerly within the TriMet district)
• SMART, the public transit service for Wilsonville (formerly within the TriMet district)
• South Clackamas Transportation District, the public transit service for Molalla and rural areas south of Oregon City along Highway 213 (formerly within the TriMet district)
• Tillamook County Transportation District, the public transit service for Tillamook and Tillamook County
• Yamhill County Transit Area, the public transit service for McMinnville, Newberg and Yamhill County

TriMet also links to various local shuttle services operated by the following: Ride Connection, which serves Banks, Gaston, King City and North Plains; the Swan Island Transportation Management Association; the Tualatin Transportation Management Association; Intel; Nike; and Oregon Health & Science University, including the Portland Aerial Tram.

Long-range transportation planning for the metropolitan area is provided by Metro, an elected regional government. Metro also has statutory authority to take over the day-to-day operations of TriMet, but has never exercised that power, as past studies of such a merger have found it to be problematic.^[17]

Rail lines

TriMet runs the MAX Light Rail (short for Metropolitan Area Express) system, and contracts with Portland and Western Railroad to operate the WES Commuter Rail line (short for Westside Express Service). Fares on MAX (as well as WES) are the same as TriMet bus fares, and fare collection uses a proof-of-payment system (or honor system) with ticket vending machines at each station. Fare inspectors patrol the system randomly. Incidents of violence on the system have led to calls for more security,^[18] and some have argued that more thorough checking of fares would improve riders' overall feeling of safety.

The TransitTracker system uses satellite tracking on buses and sensors in the MAX tracks to predict arrival times at stops and stations.^[19] Additionally, TriMet is partnering with Google Maps to install Bluetooth low energy beacons on MAX platforms, allowing nearby Android device users to directly receive schedule and alert information.^[20]

TriMet trains operate using reporting mark TMTC.

TriMet's rail lines include:

Light rail

•      Blue Line: Hillsboro – Beaverton – City Center – Gresham
•      Green Line: Portland State University – City Center – Clackamas
•      Orange Line: Union Station – City Center – Milwaukie
•      Red Line: Beaverton – City Center – Portland International Airport
•      Yellow Line: Expo Center – City Center – Portland State University

Commuter rail

• WES: Beaverton – Tigard – Tualatin – Wilsonville

From 1991 until 2014,^[21][22] TriMet also operated the Portland Vintage Trolley service, which ran on a portion of the MAX system on most weekends.^[23] It was reduced to only seven dates per year in 2011 and was discontinued entirely in July 2014.^[21][22]

See also: Portland Streetcar (Streetcar lines are owned by the City of Portland, but TriMet is contracted to provide operators and maintenance personnel.^[3] TriMet also provides a portion of the funding for the streetcar lines.)

Bus service

As of March 6, 2016, TriMet operates 78 bus routes.^[1] Each route is identified by both a number and a name. The numbers are mostly in the range 1–99, but there are currently five routes with three-digit numbers.^[1] From 1969 until 1973, TriMet bus routes were named but not numbered, a practice inherited from Rose City Transit and the "Blue Bus" lines, but route numbers were assigned to all routes in August 1973.^[24][25]

Twelve bus routes are designated as "Frequent Service Lines", which the agency defines as having a headway of 15 minutes or less most of the service day (service is less frequent in the early morning and late evening).^[14] Fifty-eight percent of all bus trips are on the frequent service lines.^[14] Bus stops that are served by a frequent service line are identified with additional green sign.

The bus system includes 17 transit centers, that allow passengers to transfer between bus routes and, at many transit centers, MAX routes.

TriMet buses began carrying bicycles on the front in 1992, on a trial basis on eight routes;^[26] the experiment was judged a success and within three years the entire bus fleet had been fitted with bike racks.^[27] Each rack can hold two bikes.

Fares

Since September 2012, TriMet has used a "flat" fare system, with a single price (for each category of rider: adult, youth, senior or disabled) regardless of the length of the trip, rather than a distance-based fare system. However, the single-fare tickets permit unlimited transfers to other routes within a two-hour period.^[28] Previously, the TriMet district was divided into three fare zones, with fares based on the number of zones in which a passenger traveled.^[29] Zone 1 consisted of downtown Portland and extending about one to two miles (3 km) out. Zone 2 was a ring around Zone 1 out two to three more miles. Zone 3 wrapped around Zone 2 and consisted of the rest of the system within the suburbs of Portland. Within Zone 1 was Fareless Square, an area in and around downtown within which all rides were free. The zone was created in 1975 and expanded in 2001, but in 2010 it became applicable to light-rail and streetcar service only, no longer to bus service, and renamed the "Free Rail Zone",^[30] and in September 2012 it was discontinued entirely.^[31]

TriMet tickets and passes are also valid on the Portland Streetcar, which is owned by the City of Portland but operated mostly by TriMet personnel under a contract with the city.^[3]

In September 2013, TriMet released a mobile ticketing app, allowing riders to purchase and use tickets for buses, light rail, and commuter rail on their smartphones.^[32] The app, called TriMet Tickets, was developed by Portland startup GlobeSherpa at no cost to TriMet. Instead, GlobeSherpa will take a commission on every ticket sale through the app.^[33]

An e-fare system is being developed by TriMet, the City of Portland, and C-TRAN that will enable riders to pay with a fare card, near field communication–equipped smartphone, or credit card, using card readers on buses and train platforms.^[34] The system is expected to cost $30 million to develop, and will be implemented in phases: employee testing in 2015 after the opening of the MAX Orange Line, public beta testing in 2016, and full implementation in 2017. TriMet listed possible names for the system as 1Pass, Indigo, Umbrella, Via, and Lynx,^[35] but it was instead named "Hop Fastpass", said to evoke the hop plant.^[36]

Fleet

Buses

As of January 2016, TriMet's fleet includes 659 buses, in lengths of either 40 or 30 feet (12 or 9 meters) for use on traditional fixed-route services.^[2] TriMet also owns a fleet of 253 minibuses and 15 vans for use on LIFT Paratransit service.^[2]

In 1997, the TriMet board decided that all buses purchased in the future should be low-floor type and equipped with air-conditioning.^[37] The decision was for a gradual phase-out of high-floor, non-air-conditioned buses as they reach the ends of their normal lifespan (about 18–20 years) and in 2013 TriMet was anticipating that by 2017 all buses would have low floors without steps.^[37][38] TriMet retired its last non-air-conditioned buses in late December 2015.^[39] The last series of high-floor buses in service (40-foot Gillig Phantoms built in 1997) were taken out of regular use in June 2016, but with some being kept serviceable^[40] for occasional use on temporary shuttles during construction-related disruptions to MAX service planned to take place later in 2016.

TriMet does not currently operate any 60-foot (18 m) articulated buses. However, the Powell–Division Transit and Development Project, a bus rapid transit line currently under development and projected to open in 2020, would add 60-foot (18 m) articulated buses to the TriMet fleet.^[41]

While most of TriMet's fleet uses diesel motors for propulsion, the agency has also experimented with hybrid electric buses. The first two hybrid buses were entered service in 2002,^[42][43][44] but in 2008 TriMet stated that the buses had not performed sufficiently better than its newest diesel buses to justify the estimated 50-percent-higher purchase cost, and that consequently the agency had no plans to purchase additional hybrid buses at that time.^[45] These first two hybrid buses were retired in 2012.^[44] However, with hybrid technology having improved since that earlier purchase, TriMet acquired four new hybrid buses in 2012 and placed them into service in January 2013 on line 72,^[44][46] a long, mostly level north–south route. TriMet is acquiring four more hybrid buses in 2015 with even greater electronic technology on board.^[47]

Since October 30, 2006, all TriMet buses and paratransit minibuses have been fueled by a B5 biodiesel blend.^[48] Plans to increase to a B10 or higher mix were later put on hold as a result of cost increases and problems experienced in a trial use of B10 blend in about one-quarter of the fleet.^[49]

The agency delayed new bus purchases for four years due to the recession of 2008 and the resulting decrease in income from taxes.^[50] In 2012 TriMet began to replace buses on an accelerated schedule.^[51] By that time some of the buses in the fleet were more than 20 years old and had become more expensive to maintain and less reliable. The first order of 55 40-foot Gillig buses began to enter service in fall 2012,^[52] followed by 70 buses in 2013,^[53] 60 in the summer of 2014,^[54] followed by another 30 in October 2014.^[55] In early 2015, TriMet received its first new 30-foot buses in more than 20 years.^[56] These 22 Gillig buses are similar to the rest of TriMet's new buses, but their shorter length allows them to serve routes with tighter turns and difficult terrain.^[56]

By mid-2016 TriMet plans to have 326 buses on the road under 4 years old, which will allow the agency to meet the industry standard of an average age of eight years.

TriMet's buses operate out of three garages: Powell Garage to the east, Merlo Garage on the west side, and the Center Street Garage in inner Southeast Portland.

TriMet bus fleet

Year built	Make	Model	Length	Fleet number series (original quantity)
1997	Gillig	Phantom	40'	2101–2165 (65)
1998–99	New Flyer	D40LF	40'	2201–2318 (118)
2000–01	New Flyer	D40LF	40'	2501–2560 (60)
2002	New Flyer	D40LF	40'	2601–2655 (55)
2003	New Flyer	D40LF	40'	2701–2725 (25)
2005	New Flyer	D40LF	40'	2801–2839 (39)
2008–09	New Flyer	D40LFR	40'	2901–2940 (40)
2012	Gillig	BRT	40'	3001–3051 (51)
2012	Gillig	BRT Hybrid	40'	3052–3055 (4)
2013	Gillig	BRT	40'	3101–3170 (70)
2014	Gillig	BRT	40'	3201–3260 (60)[54]
2014	Gillig	BRT	40'	3301–3330 (30)[55]
2015	Gillig	BRT	30'	3401–3422 (22)[56]
2015	Gillig	BRT Hybrid	40'	3056–3059 (4)
2015	Gillig	BRT	40'	3261–3268 (8)
2016	Gillig	BRT	40'	3501–3577 (77)[57]

Light rail (MAX)

Counting the newest series, currently being delivered, there are 145 light rail vehicles, of four general types: TriMet Type 1, Type 2/Type 3 (effectively identical), Type 4 and Type 5.^[58][59] The first two cars of Type 5 entered service in April 2015.^[60]

MAX light rail vehicle fleet

TriMet designation	Car numbers	Manufacturer	Model no.	First used	No. of seats/ overall capacity	Quantity
Type 1	101–126	Bombardier	none	1986	76/166	26
Type 2	201–252	Siemens	SD660	1997	64/166	52
Type 3	301–327	Siemens	SD660	2003	64/166	27
Type 4	401–422	Siemens	S70	2009	68/172[61]	22
Type 5	521–538	Siemens	S70	2015	72/186[59]	18

Note on capacities:

• The capacities given are for a single light rail car; a two-car train has double the capacity.

Commuter rail (WES)

The commuter rail line between Beaverton and Wilsonville is operated primarily with trains made up from a fleet of four Colorado Railcar Aero diesel multiple unit railcars. TriMet also owns a pair of Budd RDC diesel multiple unit railcars that are used as a backup.

Timeline

• 1969 Tri-Met takes over for the nearly bankrupt Rose City Transit Company. The system has 175 buses and a daily ridership of about 65,000.
• 1970 Tri-Met takes over the "Blue Bus" companies, the four companies which had been providing bus service to and within Portland's suburbs,^[13] adding another 88 buses to the agency's fleet.
• 1973 Route numbers (or Line numbers) are adopted for the first time; previously, routes had been designated only by names.^[24][25]
• 1974 The first shelters at bus stops are installed.
• 1975 The "Fareless Square" is created in downtown Portland, with the goal of reducing short automobile trips within the city core and attracting more riders. Fares outside the Square are 35 cents.^[62] The zone-based fare system was discontinued at that time,^[62] but was reinstated less than four years later^[63] and remained in use until 2012.
• 1977/78 The 22-block Portland Transit Mall opens on downtown's Fifth and Sixth Avenues.^[64][65] The mall includes bus-only lanes and provides a hub to make it easier for riders to make connections.
• 1978 After 3½ years using a "flat" fare system, a zonal fare structure is reinstated, with three fare zones.^[63]
• 1981 24-hour recorded schedule information becomes available over the phone.

• 1982 Tri-Met introduces articulated buses for the first time.^[66] The buses were manufactured by Crown-Ikarus, a now-defunct partnership between Ikarus, of Hungary, and Crown Coach, of California, but they proved to be sufficiently trouble-plagued that the agency later sues the manufacturer to recover expenses tied to excessive repairs;^[67][68] a settlement was reached in 1987. The last bus was retired in 1999 and TriMet has not purchased any more articulated buses since.
• 1982 In September, Tri-Met introduces a proof-of-payment (or "self-service") fare system for all service,^[69] but discontinues it in June 1984, due to fare evasion, high equipment repair costs and other problems.^[70]
• 1986 As part of a package of budget cuts,^[71] Tri-Met discontinues its all-night "Owl" service,^[72] making Portland the second largest U.S. city without all-night transit service. Seven regular (daytime) bus routes also were eliminated.^[72]
• 1986 The 15-mile (24 km) long MAX light rail line between Portland and Gresham opens. It reintroduces rail transit service to the Portland area, missing since the 1950s.
• 1989 Tri-Met is named the best large transit system in North America by the American Public Transit Association.^[73]

• 1992 The first bike racks are installed on the fronts of some Tri-Met buses, as part of a one-year trial project.^[26]
• 1995 Tri-Met's website goes online, hosted by local ISP Teleport (which eventually becomes acquired by OneMain.com, later to become part of Earthlink). At the time when Internet access was less ubiquitous, Tri-Met also offered a dial-up information service through Teleport using a Unix shell and Lynx.
• 1996 Tri-Met begins to equip its bus fleet with vehicle tracking system equipment, to enable monitoring of buses in service, using GPS technology.^[74]
• 1997 The first low-floor buses and light-rail cars go into service.^[75][76]
• 1998 Westside MAX (now known as the Blue Line between Portland and Hillsboro) opens. Tri-Met also establishes bus lines that come every 15 minutes or sooner everyday, lessening the need to consult a schedule when using them.
• 1999 Satellite-assisted bus arrival time displays (later to be named Transit Tracker) are installed at select major bus stops in North Portland and downtown.
• 2001 Fareless Square is expanded to a small portion of Northeast Portland between Lloyd Center and the Steel Bridge. Airport MAX (the Red Line) begins service on September 10 after a public/private partnership, prompted by a proposal from Bechtel Corporation, enables its construction years ahead of TriMet's plans for the use of public funds. Bechtel received exclusive development rights to 120 acres (486,000 m²) near the entrance to Portland International Airport. The original MAX line began to be referred to as the MAX Blue Line upon the opening of the Red Line. Bus sector symbols began to be phased out from maps and publications.
• 2002 With the September schedule change, Tri-Met launches a new corporate identity strategy. It is renamed TriMet (without a hyphen) and a new logo and blue, white and yellow livery are introduced.^[9] An improved automated phone service is introduced.
• 2004 Interstate MAX (the Yellow Line) opens along Interstate Avenue. The fleet has grown to 638 buses, 208 paratransit vehicles, and 105 trains with a daily ridership of over 300,000.
• 2005 TriMet introduces biodiesel fuel into its fleet, using a B5 blend (5 percent pure biodiesel, 95 percent petroleum diesel), initially on LIFT (paratransit) minibuses only. Use of B5 biodiesel was expanded to the entire bus fleet in late 2006.^[48]
• 2007 The Portland Mall, on 5th and 6th Avenues, is shut down for rebuilding and southward extension (to PSU), including adding a second light-rail alignment through downtown. The rebuilding, to take over 2 years, is part of the MAX Green Line project, but will also replace all infrastructure for buses on the already 29-year-old transit mall.^[77] Most bus routes serving downtown are detoured to other streets until 2009.
• 2009 The 14.7-mile (23.7 km) WES Commuter Rail opens on February 2. WES (Westside Express Service) provides service between Beaverton and Wilsonville with stations in Tigard and Tualatin in between.^[5]
• 2009 In May, the Portland Mall reopens for buses, and testing and training runs for the new Mall MAX tracks begin, for opening August 30.^[78]
• 2009 Due to the national recession's effect on the agency's finances, the board approves a series of service reductions, to take effect in September.^[79] The board votes on August 12 to discontinue Fareless Square for bus service beginning in January 2010, while retaining fare-free rides in the downtown area on MAX and the Portland Streetcar.^[80]
• 2009 On August 30, MAX service on the transit mall is introduced, with the shifting of the Yellow Line to the new alignment.^[81] September 12 brings the opening of the Green Line, also using the new transit-mall tracks, running from downtown (PSU) to Clackamas Town Center.^[82] It is TriMet's first light rail line serving Clackamas County.^[83]

• 2012 TriMet purchases 55 new Gillig diesel buses to replace the aging fleet dating back to 1990. The last four of the new buses are hybrid-electrics estimated to be 20-50% more fuel-efficient^[46] and produce 95% fewer emissions; they replaced hybrid buses that were in service since 2002.^[44]
• 2012 TriMet discontinues "Fareless Square" in Downtown Portland
• 2013 TriMet purchases 70 new Gillig diesel buses to replace the aging fleet dating back to 1990.
• 2014 TriMet purchases 90 new Gillig diesel buses.
• 2015 TriMet opens the new MAX Orange Line from Downtown Portland to Milwaukie, and the Tilikum Crossing,^[84] used by the Orange Line and two bus lines
• 2016 TriMet purchases 77 new Gillig diesel buses.

Note: Items in the timeline lacking individual citations are taken mostly from TriMet's Rider Insider newsletter, November/December 2004 issue

Future

Under the Powell–Division Transit and Development Project, a new bus rapid transit line is planned to be created between Downtown Portland and Gresham. It would roughly parallel the existing MAX Blue Line, partially replacing the existing Line 4 – Division/Fessenden and becoming the first BRT line operated by TriMet.^[85] If the project is approved, it would not be completed until 2021 or later.^[86]

Initial plans had the line traveling on Tilikum Crossing, Powell Boulevard and then Division Street to the Gresham Transit Center, terminating at Mt. Hood Community College.^[87] Crossing over between Powell and Division would have taken place on either 50th, 52nd, or 82nd Avenue. However, after analysis showed that this routing would increase travel times from Gresham to Portland,^[88] the route was redesigned to solely travel along Division Street, dropping the Powell Boulevard portion. Improvements along the segment of Division Street between 82nd Avenue and 8th Avenue would include stop consolidation and traffic signal prioritization.^[89] In addition, the extension from the Gresham Transit Center to Mt. Hood Community College was dropped in September 2016 due to concerns over competitiveness for federal transportation funds.^[90]

Communities served

The following cities and unincorporated communities (*) are in the TriMet service area:

TriMet buses and commuter rail also serve Wilsonville, Oregon, which is outside the TriMet district, in order to provide connections to transit services operated by SMART in that city.

The Boring area has been removed from the TriMet District effective January 1, 2013.^[91]

Criticism and controversies

Operator fatigue

An investigation by The Oregonian in 2013 led to the revelation that some TriMet drivers were working as many as 22 hours in a 24-hour period. There have also been 22 reported cases of drivers falling asleep at the wheel.^[92][93][94] In response, the agency adopted a new policy restricting the number of hours a driver is permitted to work within a 24-hour period.^[95]

Failure rate of MAX ticket vending machines

An investigation by several local Portland news outlets found that several of the MAX Light Rail ticket machines have extremely high failure rates. Many riders have claimed that they have received a fare evasion citation after boarding the MAX train without a fare after they have attempted to pay for a ticket. The official statement from TriMet is to ride to the next MAX station, de-board the train and pay for a ticket there and wait for the next train. This response has been deemed unacceptable both by riders and bus/rail operators. TriMet has begun replacing all of its older machines with newer machines, and cites a 50% drop in complaints.^[96]

Sanctioned for illegal employee negotiations behavior

On January 3, 2013 TriMet was found by The Oregon Employment Relations Board to be in violation of ORS 243.672 by restricting the ATU 757 from attending contract negotiation hearings. In retaliation to the ATU filing a ULP earlier in 2010, TriMet implemented a wage freeze requiring all employees to pay their increases in healthcare premiums and changing insurance plans after the union contract expired without first discussing it with the union.

See also

• Portland Streetcar
• Transportation in Portland
• TriMet (sculpture)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to TriMet.

• TriMet website
• iPhone-compatible arrivals