Tyto

Tyto Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
African grass owl, Tyto capensis The "grass owls" are two rather long-legged species of Tyto.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Strigiformes
Family:	Tytonidae
Subfamily:	Tytoninae
Genus:	Tyto Billberg, 1828
Species
About 20, see text
Synonyms
Lechusa Miller, 1956 Strix sensu auct. non Linnaeus, 1758 – preoccupied

The genus Tyto includes all barn owls (family Tytonidae) except for the bay owls (subfamily Phodilinae, genus Phodilus) – that is, the true barn owls, the grass owls and the masked owls collectively making up the subfamily Tytoninae. They are darker on the back than the front, usually an orange-brown colour, the front being a paler version of the back or mottled, although there is considerable variation even amongst species. Tyto owls have a divided, heart-shaped facial disc, and lack the ear-like tufts of feathers found in many other owls. Tyto owls tend to be larger than Bay-owls. The name tyto (τυτώ) is onomatopeic Greek for owl.

Throughout their evolutionary history, Tyto owls have shown a better capability to colonize islands than other owls. Several such island forms have become extinct, some long ago, but some in comparatively recent times. A number of insular barn-owls from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean were very large or truly gigantic species.

Systematics

Living and recently extinct species – and some notable subspecies – of barn owls are:

• Greater sooty owl, Tyto tenebricosa
• Lesser sooty owl, Tyto multipunctata
• Australian masked owl, Tyto novaehollandiae
  • Tasmanian masked owl, Tyto (novaehollandiae) castanops
• Golden masked owl, Tyto aurantia
• Moluccan masked owl, Tyto sororcula or Tyto (novaehollandiae) sororcula
  • Buru masked owl, Tyto (sororcula) cayelii or Tyto (novaehollandiae) cayelii - long known only by two specimens collected in 1898 and 1921 until a voice recording in 2009 confirmed its further existence
• Seram masked owl, Tyto almae
• Manus masked owl, Tyto manusi or Tyto (novaehollandiae) manusi
• Taliabu masked owl, Tyto nigrobrunnea
• Minahassa masked owl, Tyto inexspectata
• Sulawesi owl or Sulawesi masked owl, Tyto rosenbergii
  • Peleng masked owl, Tyto rosenbergii pelengensis - probably extinct (mid-20th century)
• Barn owl or common barn owl, Tyto alba
  • Eastern barn owl, Tyto (alba) delicatula
  • Andaman masked owl or Andaman barn owl, Tyto (alba) deroepstorffi
• Ashy-faced owl, Tyto glaucops
• Red owl, Tyto soumagnei
• African grass owl, Tyto capensis
• Eastern grass owl, Tyto longimembris

Early prehistoric extinctions

Known from ancient fossils

• Tyto sanctialbani (Middle - Late Miocene of C Europe) - formerly in Strix, includes T. campiterrae
• Tyto robusta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
  • Tyto (robusta) gigantea (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
• Tyto balearica (Late Miocene - Middle Pleistocene of WC Mediterranean)
• Tyto mourerchauvireae (Middle Pleistocene of Sicily, Mediterranean)
• Tyto jinniushanensis (Pleistocene of Jing Niu Shan, China)
• Tyto sp. 1
• Tyto sp. 2

Late prehistoric extinctions

Fossils of Tyto cavatica

Fossil of Tyto ostologa

Usually known from subfossil remains.
Melanesia:

• Mussau barn owl, Tyto cf. novaehollandiae (Mussau)^[1]
• New Ireland greater barn owl, Tyto cf. novaehollandiae (New Ireland)
• New Ireland lesser barn owl, Tyto cf. alba/aurantiaca (New Ireland)^[1]
• New Caledonian barn owl, ?Tyto letocarti (New Caledonia) - tentatively placed here

Caribbean:

• Puerto Rican barn owl, Tyto cavatica (Puerto Rico) - may still have existed in 1912; possibly a subspecies of T. glaucops
• Noel's barn owl, Tyto noeli (Cuba)
• Rivero's barn owl, Tyto riveroi (Cuba)
• Cuban barn owl, Tyto sp. (Cuba)
• Hispaniolan barn owl, Tyto ostologa (Hispaniola)
• Bahaman barn owl, Tyto pollens (Andros, Bahamas) - may have survived to the 16th century
• Barbuda barn owl, Tyto neddi (Barbuda, possible Antigua)

Mediterranean:

• Maltese barn owl, Tyto melitensis (Malta) - formerly in Strix, possibly paleosubspecies of Tyto alba

Formerly placed in Tyto

A number of owl fossils were at one time assigned to the present genus, but are nowadays placed elsewhere. While there are clear differences in osteology between true owls and barn-owls, there has been parallel evolution to some degree and thus isolated fossil bones cannot necessarily be assigned to either family without thorough study. Notably, the genus Strix has been misapplied by many early scientists as a "wastebin taxon" for many owls including Tyto.^[2]

• "Tyto" antiqua (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy? - Early Miocene of France) was a barn-owl of the prehistoric genus Prosybris; this taxon might be a nomen nudum as the species was originally described in Strix this requires confirmation.^[3]
• "Tyto" edwardsi (Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) was a strigid owl but has not yet been reliably identified to genus; it might belong into Strix or the European Ninox-like group.
• "Tyto" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) was a strigid owl of unclear affinities; while it might belong into Strix this requires confirmation.^[3]
• "TMT 164", a distal left tarsometatarsus of a supposed Tyto from the Middle Miocene Grive-Saint-Alban (France) might also belong into Prosybris as it is similar to "Tyto" antiqua.^[4]

Footnotes

References

• Ballmann, Peter (1969). Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios 2: 157-204. [French with English abstract] doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7 (HTML abstract)
• Bruce, M.D. (1999). Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls). In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds): Handbook of Birds of the World Vol. 5 (Barn-owls to Hummingbirds): 34-75, plates 1-3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3
• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
• Olson, Storrs L. (1985). Section IX.C. Strigiformes. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 129-132. Academic Press, New York.
• Steadman, David William (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77142-3.