Solicitor General of the United States

Organization of the office of the Solicitor General

The United States Solicitor General is the third-highest-ranking official (co-equal in ranking with the United States Associate Attorney General) in the U.S. Department of Justice. The United States Solicitor General is the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. The current Solicitor General (acting), Ian Gershengorn, took office on June 25, 2016.^[1][2] The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court. In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party, the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest in the legal issue. The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party, and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief. In the federal courts of appeal, the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court. The Office of the Solicitor General also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal.

Composition of the Office of the Solicitor General

The Solicitor General is assisted by four Deputy Solicitors General and seventeen Assistants to the Solicitor General. Three of the deputies are career attorneys in the Department of Justice. The remaining deputy is known as the "Principal Deputy," sometimes called the "political deputy" and, like the Solicitor General, typically leaves at the end of an administration. The current Principal Deputy is Ian Heath Gershengorn, who succeeded Sri Srinivasan, who left after being confirmed as a United States Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.^[3] The other deputies currently are Michael Dreeben, Edwin Kneedler, and Malcolm Stewart.

The Solicitor General or one of the deputies typically argues the most important cases in the Supreme Court. Cases not argued by the Solicitor General may be argued by one of the assistants or another government attorney. The Solicitors General tend to argue 6–9 cases per Supreme Court term, while deputies argue 4–5 cases and assistants each argue 2–3 cases.^[4]

Significance

The Solicitor General, who has offices in the Supreme Court Building as well as the Department of Justice Headquarters, has been called the "tenth justice"^[5] as a result of the close relationship between the justices and the Solicitor General (and their respective staffs of clerks and deputies). As the most frequent advocate before the Court, the Office of the Solicitor General generally argues dozens of times each term. As a result, the Solicitor General tends to remain particularly comfortable during oral arguments that other advocates would find intimidating. Furthermore, when the office of the Solicitor General endorses a petition for certiorari, review is frequently granted, which is remarkable given that only 75–125 of the over 7,500 petitions submitted each term are granted review by the Court.^[6]

Other than the justices themselves, the Solicitor General is among the most influential and knowledgeable members of the legal community with regard to Supreme Court litigation. Five Solicitors General have later served on the Supreme Court: William Howard Taft (who served as the 27th President of the United States before becoming Chief Justice of the United States), Stanley Forman Reed, Robert H. Jackson, Thurgood Marshall, and Elena Kagan. Some who have had other positions in the office of the Solicitor General have also later been appointed to the Supreme Court. For example, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. was the Principal Deputy Solicitor General during the George H. W. Bush administration and Associate Justice Samuel Alito was an Assistant to the Solicitor General. Only one former Solicitor General has been nominated to the Supreme Court unsuccessfully, that being Robert Bork; however, no sitting Solicitor General has ever been denied such an appointment. Eight other Solicitors General have served on the United States Courts of Appeals.

Within the Justice Department, the Solicitor General exerts significant influence on all appeals brought by the department. The Solicitor General is the only U.S. officer that is statutorily required to be "learned in law."^[7] Whenever the DOJ wins at the trial stage and the losing party appeals, the concerned division of the DOJ responds automatically and proceeds to defend the ruling in the appellate process. However, if the DOJ is the losing party at the trial stage, an appeal can only be brought with the permission of the Solicitor General. For example, should the tort division lose a jury trial in federal district court, that ruling cannot be appealed by the Appellate Office without the approval of the Solicitor General.

Call for the Views of the Solicitor General

When determining whether to grant certiorari in a case where the federal government is not a party, the Court will sometimes request the Solicitor General to weigh in, a procedure referred to as a "Call for the Views of the Solicitor General" (CVSG).^[8] In response to a CVSG, the Solicitor General will file a brief opining on whether the petition should be granted and, usually, which party should prevail.^[9]

Although the CVSG is technically an invitation, the Solicitor General's office treats it as tantamount to a command.^[9] Philip Elman, who served as an attorney in the Solicitor General's office and who was primary author of the federal government's brief in Brown v. Board of Education, wrote "When the Supreme Court invites you, that's the equivalent of a royal command. An invitation from the Supreme Court just can't be rejected."^[10][11]

The Court typically issues a CVSG where the justices believe that the petition is important, and may be considering granting it, but would like a legal opinion before making that decision.^[10] Examples include where there is a federal interest involved in the case; where there is a new issue for which there is no established precedent; or where an issue has evolved, perhaps becoming more complex or affecting other issues.^[10]

Although there is no deadline by which the Solicitor General is required to respond to a CVSG, briefs in response to the CVSG are generally filed at three times of the year: late May, allowing the petition to be considered before the Court breaks for summer recess; August, allowing the petition to go on the "summer list", to be considered at the end of recess; and December, allowing the case to be argued in the remainder of the current Supreme Court term.^[9]

Traditions

Several traditions have developed since the Office of Solicitor General was established in 1870. Most obviously to spectators at oral argument before the Court, the Solicitor General and his or her deputies traditionally appear in formal morning coats,^[12] although Elena Kagan, the first woman to hold the office, elected to forgo the practice.^[13]

During oral argument, the members of the Court often address the Solicitor General as "General."^[14][15]

Another tradition, possibly unique to the United States, is the practice of confession of error. If the government prevailed in the lower court but the Solicitor General disagrees with the result, he or she may confess error, after which the Supreme Court will vacate the lower court's ruling and send the case back for reconsideration.^[16]

List of Solicitors General

Picture	Solicitor General	Date of Service	Appointing President
	Benjamin Bristow	October 1870 – November 1872	Ulysses Grant
	Samuel Phillips	November 1872 – May 1885
	John Goode	May 1885 – August 1886	Grover Cleveland
	George Jenks	July 1886 – May 1889
	Orlow Chapman	May 1889 – January 1890	Benjamin Harrison
	William Taft	February 1890 – March 1892
	Charles Aldrich	March 1892 – May 1893
	Lawrence Maxwell	April 1893 – January 1895	Grover Cleveland
	Holmes Conrad	February 1895 – July 1897
	John Richards	July 1897 – March 1903	William McKinley
	Henry Hoyt	February 1903 – March 1909	Teddy Roosevelt
	Lloyd Bowers	April 1909 – September 1910	William Taft
	Frederick Lehmann	December 1910 – July 1912
	William Bullitt	July 1912 – March 1913
	John Davis	August 29, 1913 – November 21, 1918	Woodrow Wilson
	Alexander King	November 21, 1918 – May 24, 1920
	William Frierson	June 1920 – June 1921
	James Beck	June 1921 – June 1925	Warren Harding
	William Mitchell	June 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929	Calvin Coolidge
	Charles Hughes	May 1929 – April 1930	Herbert Hoover
	Thomas Thacher	March 1930 – May 1933
	James Biggs	May 1933 – March 1935	Franklin Roosevelt
	Stanley Reed	March 1935 – January 27, 1938
	Robert Jackson	March 1938 – January 18, 1940
	Francis Biddle	January 22, 1940 – August 25, 1941
	Charles Fahy	November 1, 1941 – September 1945
	Howard McGrath	October 1945 – October 1946	Harry Truman
	Philip Perlman	July 1947 – August 1952
	Walter Cummings	December 1952 – March 1953
	Simon Sobeloff	February 1954 – July 1956	Dwight Eisenhower
	Lee Rankin	August 1956 – January 1961
	Archibald Cox	January 1961 – July 1965	John F. Kennedy
	Thurgood Marshall	August 23, 1965 – August 30, 1967	Lyndon Johnson
	Erwin Griswold	October 1967 – March 21, 1973[17]
	Robert Bork	March 21, 1973 – January 20, 1977[17]	Richard Nixon
	Daniel Friedman Acting	January 20, 1977 – March 28, 1977	Jimmy Carter
	Wade McCree	March 28, 1977 – January 20, 1981
	Rex Lee	August 1981 – June 1985	Ronald Reagan
	Charles Fried	October 1985 – January 20, 1989
	Ken Starr	May 26, 1989 – January 20, 1993	George H. W. Bush
	Drew Days	May 1993 – July 1996	Bill Clinton
	Walter Dellinger Acting	August 1996 – October 1997
	Seth Waxman	November 1997 – January 2001
	Barbara Underwood Acting	January 20, 2001 – June 11, 2001	George W. Bush
	Ted Olson	June 11, 2001 – July 10, 2004
	Paul Clement	July 11, 2004 – June 19, 2008 Acting: July 11, 2004 – June 13, 2005
	Gregory Garre	June 19, 2008 – January 16, 2009 Acting: June 19, 2008 – October 2, 2008
	Edwin Kneedler Acting	January 16, 2009 – March 19, 2009	Barack Obama
	Elena Kagan	March 19, 2009 – May 17, 2010
	Neal Katyal Acting	May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011
	Don Verrilli	June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016
	Ian Gershengorn Acting	June 25, 2016 – present

List of notable Principal Deputy Solicitors General

• Donald B. Ayer - June 1986 to December 1988
• John G. Roberts – 1989–1993^[18]
• Seth Waxman – 1996–1997
• Barbara D. Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)^[19]
• Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)^[20][21]
• Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)^[22][23]
• Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010^[24][25]
• Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013^[26][27]
• Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)^[28][29]

Notes

References

• Caplan, Lincoln (1987). The Tenth Justice: The Solicitor General and the Rule of Law. New York: Knopf. 
• Hall, Kermit L. (1992). The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 

External links

• Official website

United States Solicitors General
Bristow Phillips Goode Jenks Chapman Taft Aldrich Maxwell Conrad Richards Hoyt Bowers Lehmann Bullitt Davis King Frierson Beck Mitchell Hughes Thacher Biggs Reed Jackson Biddle Fahy McGrath Perlman Cummings Sobeloff Rankin Cox Marshall Griswold Bork McCree Lee Fried Starr Days Dellinger Waxman Underwood Olson Clement Garre Kneedler Kagan Katyal Verrilli Gershengorn
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