Unorganized Borough, Alaska

Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Location in the U.S. state of Alaska
Alaska's location in the U.S.
Seat	None
Largest community	Bethel
Area
• Total	323,440 sq mi (837,706 km2)
Population
• (2000)	81,803
Time zone	Alaska: UTC-9/-8

The Unorganized Borough is the part of the U.S. state of Alaska not contained in any of its 19 organized boroughs. It encompasses nearly half of Alaska's area, 323,440 square miles (837,700 km²), an area larger than any other U.S. state, and larger than the land area of the smallest 16 states combined. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, it had a population of 81,803, 13% of the population of the state.

Overview

Unique among the United States, Alaska is not entirely subdivided into organized county equivalents. To facilitate census taking in the vast unorganized area, the United States Census Bureau, in cooperation with the state, divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas beginning with the 1970 census. Currently, after Petersburg Census Area was made a borough, there are 10 census areas in the Unorganized Borough:

• Aleutians West Census Area
• Bethel Census Area
• Dillingham Census Area
• Hoonah–Angoon Census Area
• Kusilvak Census Area
• Nome Census Area
• Prince of Wales – Hyder Census Area
• Southeast Fairbanks Census Area
• Valdez–Cordova Census Area
• Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area

This vast area has no local-level government other than that of school districts and municipalities within its limits. Many of the villages do have tribal governments, however. Except within some incorporated cities, all government services in the Unorganized Borough, including law enforcement, are provided by the state or by the Tribal government. School districts in the Unorganized Borough are operated either by cities, in those limited instances when the city has chosen to undertake those powers, or through the general guidance of the state Department of Education under the auspices of Rural Education Attendance Areas (see below).

History

During the 1950s, when the push for the territory of Alaska to become a state was at its height, the presence of municipal government was extremely limited and scattered. Territory-wide, there were no more than a few dozen incorporated cities, and a small handful of service districts, broken into public utility districts and independent school districts. The service districts were authorized by the territorial legislature in 1935 to allow unincorporated areas limited powers to provide services and to tax for them.

The United States Congress had forbidden the territory from establishing counties.^[1] The delegates of the convention which wrote the Alaska Constitution had, in fact, debated the merits of establishing counties, and had rejected the idea in favor of creating a system of boroughs, both organized and unorganized.

The intent of the framers of the constitution was to provide for maximum local self-government with a minimum of local government units and tax-levying jurisdictions. The minutes of the constitutional convention indicate that counties were not used as a form of local government for various reasons. The failure of some local economies to generate enough revenue to support separate counties was an important issue as well as the desire to use a model that would reflect the unique character of Alaska, provide for maximum local input, and avoid a body of county case law already in existence.

Instead, Alaska adopted boroughs as a form of regional government. This regionalization was an attempt to avoid having a number of independent, limited-purpose governments with confusing boundaries and inefficient governmental operations. The territorial service districts had amounted to this much, but were seen by many as an important foundation in government being able to provide services without becoming all-powerful and unnecessarily intrusive, an argument which would surface time and again during various attempts by the legislature to create organized boroughs out of portions of the unorganized borough.

Alaska formally adopted the borough structure by statute in 1961, and envisioned boroughs to serve as an "all-purpose" form of local government to avoid the perceived problems of county government in the lower 48 states as well as Hawaii. According to Article X of the Alaska Constitution, areas of the state unable to support borough government were to be served by several unorganized boroughs, which were to be mechanisms for the state to regionalize services; however, separate unorganized boroughs were never created. The entire state was defined as one vast unorganized borough with the Borough Act of 1961, and, over the ensuing years, Alaska's organized boroughs were carved out of it.

Alaska's first organized borough, and the only one incorporated immediately after passage of the 1961 legislation, was the Bristol Bay Borough. As pressure would increase for other areas of the state to form boroughs, this led to the Mandatory Borough Act of 1963. This legislation called for all election districts in the state over a certain threshold in population to incorporate as boroughs by January 1, 1964.

To wit, a resolution of the State of Alaska's Local Boundary Commission introduced in January 2009 spells this out in greater detail:

• WHEREAS, the 1963 Alaska State Legislature passed, and Governor Egan signed into law, the "Mandatory Borough Act" (Chapter 52, SLA 1963), dictating that certain regions of Alaska - those encompassing Ketchikan, Juneau, Sitka, Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna valleys, and Fairbanks - form organized boroughs by January 1, 1964.^[2]

Furthermore, Rural Education Attendance Areas were established by the Legislature in 1975. This had the effect of creating regional divisions of the unorganized borough for the purpose of establishing rural school districts. 21 REAAs were originally created; many of those would eventually be absorbed into organized boroughs over time.

Dispute over future mandatory boroughs

A number of organized boroughs have been incorporated in the years since the Mandatory Borough Act, but most (the primary examples being the North Slope Borough, the Northwest Arctic Borough and the Denali Borough), were incorporated to exploit a source of significant taxation potential, including natural resource extraction and tourism.

The unorganized status of this vast area is not without controversy. Many residents of the Unorganized Borough, particularly those in the larger communities which may be most susceptible to organized borough incorporation, have been vociferous in stating their opposition to incorporation as a borough, and in stating why the status quo suits them just fine. Many point out that they would already live in an organized borough if they desired that lifestyle and the level of government which came with it.

On the other hand, many Alaskans residing in organized boroughs feel that they unfairly subsidize residents of the Unorganized Borough, especially for education. In 2003, the Alaska Division of Community Advocacy identified eight areas within the Unorganized Borough meeting standards for incorporation.^[3] Bills have been introduced in the Alaska Legislature to compel these areas to incorporate, though as of 2009, none have been signed into law.

Major communities

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unorganized Borough, Alaska.

• Legislative Directive for Unorganized Borough Review
• Map of proposed model borough boundaries Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (1997)

State of Alaska
Juneau (capital)
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Society	Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Health (Rural dentistry) Politics Sports
Regions	Alaska Peninsula Aleutian Islands Arctic The Bush Inside Passage Interior Kenai Peninsula Mat‑Su Valley North Slope Seward Peninsula Southcentral Southeast Southwest Tanana Valley Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
Largest cities	Anchorage Badger Barrow Bethel Dillingham Fairbanks Homer Juneau Kenai Ketchikan Kodiak Kotzebue Nome Palmer Petersburg Seward Sitka Soldotna Unalaska Valdez Wasilla
Boroughs	Aleutians East Anchorage Bristol Bay Denali Fairbanks North Star Haines Juneau Kenai Peninsula Ketchikan Gateway Kodiak Island Lake and Peninsula Matanuska‑Susitna North Slope Northwest Arctic Petersburg Sitka Skagway Wrangell Yakutat Unorganized
Census Areas	Aleutians West Bethel Dillingham Hoonah–Angoon Kusilvak Nome Prince of Wales–Hyder Southeast Fairbanks Valdez–Cordova Yukon–Koyukuk

Municipalities and communities of Unorganized Borough, Alaska, United States
Municipalities and communities of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Adak Atka St. George St. Paul Unalaska CDPs Attu Station Nikolski Municipalities and communities of Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Akiak Aniak Bethel Chefornak Chuathbaluk Eek Goodnews Bay Kwethluk Lower Kalskag Mekoryuk Napakiak Napaskiak Nightmute Nunapitchuk Platinum Quinhagak Toksook Bay Upper Kalskag CDPs Akiachak Atmautluak Crooked Creek Kasigluk Kipnuk Kongiganak Kwigillingok Lime Village Mertarvik Newtok Oscarville Red Devil Sleetmute Stony River Tuluksak Tuntutuliak Tununak Unincorporated communities Crow Village Georgetown Napaimute Nash Harbor Paimiut Ghost towns Kwigiumpainukamiut Ohagamiut Neighborhoods Umkumiut Municipalities and communities of Dillingham Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Aleknagik Clark's Point Dillingham Ekwok Manokotak New Stuyahok Togiak CDPs Koliganek Portage Creek Twin Hills Unincorporated communities Ekuk Nushagak Municipalities and communities of Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Angoon Gustavus Hoonah Pelican Tenakee Springs CDPs Elfin Cove Game Creek Klukwan‡ Whitestone Logging Camp Unincorporated community Cube Cove Killisnoo Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in adjacent boroughs or census areas Municipalities and communities of Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Alakanuk Chevak Emmonak Hooper Bay Kotlik Marshall Mountain Village Nunam Iqua Pilot Station Russian Mission St. Mary's Scammon Bay CDP Pitkas Point Municipalities and communities of Nome Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Brevig Mission Diomede Elim Gambell Golovin Koyuk Nome St. Michael Savoonga Shaktoolik Shishmaref Stebbins Teller Unalakleet Wales White Mountain CDP Port Clarence Unincorporated community Solomon Ghost towns Bluff Council Dickson King Island Mary's Igloo Tin City York Municipalities and communities of Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Coffman Cove Craig Edna Bay Hydaburg Kake Kasaan Klawock Port Alexander Thorne Bay CDPs Hollis Hyder Metlakatla Naukati Bay Point Baker Port Protection Whale Pass Unincorporated community Waterfall Municipalities and communities of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Delta Junction Eagle CDPs Alcan Border Big Delta Chicken Deltana Dot Lake Dot Lake Village Dry Creek Eagle Village Fort Greely Healy Lake Northway Northway Junction Northway Village Tanacross Tetlin Tok Whitestone Unincorporated communities Charlieskin Village Donnelly Jack Wade Kathakne Tetlin Junction Municipalities and communities of Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Cordova Valdez Whittier CDPs Chenega Chisana Chistochina Chitina Copper Center Gakona Glennallen Gulkana Kenny Lake McCarthy Mendeltna Mentasta Lake Nabesna Nelchina Paxson Silver Springs Slana Tatitlek Tazlina Tolsona Tonsina Willow Creek Unincorporated communities Copperville Eyak Ghost towns Chisana Katalla Kennecott Municipalities and communities of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States Cities Allakaket Anvik Bettles Fort Yukon Galena Grayling Holy Cross Hughes Huslia Kaltag Koyukuk McGrath Nenana Nikolai Nulato Ruby Shageluk Tanana CDPs Alatna Arctic Village Beaver Birch Creek Central Chalkyitsik Circle Coldfoot Evansville Flat Four Mile Road Lake Minchumina Livengood Manley Hot Springs Minto New Allakaket Rampart Stevens Village Takotna Venetie Wiseman Unincorporated communities Circle Hot Springs Chandalar Medfra Poorman Telida Ghost towns Flat Holikachuk Iditarod Ophir Prospect Creek Tofty