Villard de Honnecourt

The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt (about 1230)
Perpetuum Mobile of Villard de Honnecourt (about 1230)

Villard de Honnecourt (Wilars dehonecort, Vilars de Honecourt) was a 13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France. He is known to history only through a surviving portfolio or "sketchbook" containing about 250 drawings and designs of a wide variety of subjects.

Life

Nothing is known of Villard apart from what can be gleaned from his surviving "sketchbook." Based on the large number of architectural designs in the portfolio, it was traditionally thought that Villard was a successful, professional, itinerant architect and engineer.[1] This view is largely rejected today, as there is no evidence of him ever working as an architect or in any other identifiable profession, and the drawings contain many inaccuracies and misunderstandings that would be surprising from a practicing architect. He was possibly trained as a metalworker.[2] Nonetheless, it is clear from his drawings that he was interested in architecture and that he traveled to some of the major ecclesiastical building sites of his day to record details of these buildings. His drawing of one of the west facade towers of Laon Cathedral and those of radiating chapels and a main vessel bay, interior and exterior, of Rheims Cathedral are of particular interest.

Villard tells us, with pride, that he had been in many lands (Jai este en m[u]lt de tieres) and that he made a trip to Hungary where he remained many days (maint ior), but he does not say why he went there or who sent him. It has recently been proposed that he may have been a lay agent or representative of the cathedral chapter of Cambrai Cathedral to obtain a relic of St. Elizabeth of Hungary who had made a donation to the cathedral chapter and to whom the chapter dedicated one of the radiating chapels in their new chevet. He also claimed to have made many of his drawings "from life" (al vif), an activity more usually associated with much later artists of the Renaissance.

Sketchbook

The so-called "sketchbook" of Villard de Honnecourt (more correctly, an album or portfolio) dates to about c.1225-1235. It was discovered in the mid-19th century and is presently housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), Paris, under the shelfmark MS Fr 19093. It consists of 33 parchment sheets measuring on average 235x155 mm, or 9.25 x 6.1 inches.[3] The manuscript is not complete, and its original extent cannot be determined. Because the drawings and captions are oriented in many different directions, the album appears to have been assembled in an ad hoc fashion, as if the individual sheets were not originally intended to be bound together into book form. It is unclear whether it was Villard himself or a later party who assembled and bound the leaves into a book.[4]

The album contains about 250 drawings. These include architectural designs (plans, elevations, and details, often of identifiable buildings), a great variety of human and animal subjects, ensembles of religious and secular figures perhaps derived from or intended as sculptural groups, ecclesiastical objects, mechanical devices (including a perpetual-motion machine), engineering constructions such as lifting devices and a water-driven saw, a number of automata, designs for war engines such as a trebuchet, and many other subjects. Many drawings are accompanied by annotations and labels.

The original purpose of the album is the subject of controversy. Originally it was thought to have served as a kind of training manual for practicing architects. This is rejected by most current researchers, as the album is fundamentally ill-suited for such a purpose. More likely it served as a pattern or model book, containing designs for manuscript illumination or metalwork.[3]

Facsimiles

Several printed facsimiles of the album have appeared.

A full digital facsimile is available online via the BNF's online library, Gallica:

Notes

  1. ↑ Gimpel, Jean (1976). The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 114–146. ISBN 0030146364.
  2. ↑ Barnes, Carl F., Jr. (1981). "The Drapery Rendering Technique of Villard de Honnecourt.". Gesta 20, no. 1 (1981): 199-206.
  3. 1 2 Bugslag, James (Oct–Dec 2001). "contrefais al vif: nature, ideas and the lion drawings of Villard de Honnecourt.". Word & Image 17, no. 4.
  4. ↑ Schlink, Wilhelm (1999). Joubert, Fabienne, ed. "War Villard de Honnecourt Analphabet?". Pierre, lumière, couleur: études d'histoire de l'art du Moyen Age en l'honneur d'Anne Prache. Paris: 213–222.

References and Further Reading

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