Walter Braithwaite

Sir Walter Pipon Braithwaite
At Gallipoli, 1915
Nickname(s)	Braith[1]
Born	(1865-11-11)11 November 1865 Alne, North Yorkshire
Died	7 September 1945(1945-09-07) (aged 79) Rotherwick
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1886–1931
Rank	General
Commands held	Eastern Command (1926–27) Scottish Command (1923–26) Western Command, India (1920–23) XII Corps (1919) IX Corps (1918–19) 62nd Division (1917–18)
Battles/wars	Second Boer War First World War Gallipoli Campaign Spring Offensive
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Mentioned in Despatches

General Sir Walter Pipon Braithwaite, GCB (11 November 1865 – 7 September 1945) was a British Army officer who held senior commands during the First World War. After being dismissed from his position as Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, he received some acclaim as a competent divisional commander on the Western Front. After the war, he was commissioned to produce a report analysing the performance of British staff officers during the conflict.

Early life

Braithwaite was born in Alne, the son of the Reverend William Braithwaite and Laura Elizabeth Pipon.^[2] He was the youngest of twelve children.^[1] He was educated at Victoria College between 1875 and 1880, and at Bedford School between 1880 and 1884.^[3][4]

Military career

Braithwaite studied at the Royal Military Academy, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Somerset Light Infantry in 1886.^[2] In 1895, he married Jessie Ashworth, with whom he had a son, Valentine.^[2] He served in the Second Boer War, seeing action at Ladysmith, Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz and Tugela Heights.^[3] He was mentioned in despatches three times.^[3] After the war, he returned to England and was posted to Southern Command on the staff of Evelyn Wood.^[3] In 1906, Braithwaite was promoted to major, and transferred to The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment.^[3] He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel, and served as an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley.^[3] In 1909, he was assigned to the staff of Douglas Haig at the War Office, and promoted to colonel.^[3] He was subsequently named commandant of the Staff College, Quetta, a position he still held at the outbreak of the First World War.^[1] At this point, the college was closed, and he was again transferred to the War Office, this time as Director of Staff Duties.^[1]

First World War

In 1915, he was appointed Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expedition, commanded by Ian Hamilton.^[5] He was regarded by many of the Australians involved in that effort as "arrogant and incompetent".^[1] After the failure of the Mediterranean expedition, Braithwaite was recalled to London.^[2] He was later assigned to the 62nd Division, which was posted to France in January 1917.^[5] Here he experienced considerable success. Although the division struggled to make headway during the Battle of Arras, it proved a solid and reliable unit during the German Spring Offensive the following year.^[1] Following success in repelling German advances at Bullecourt and Cambrai, he was given command of IX Corps on 13 September 1918 and, later XII Corps.^[5]

On 29 September 1918 Braithwaite's IX Corps was on the southern front line at the village of Bellenglise facing the canal, when the order came from Haig to attack through the Hindenburg Line. The assault was much more successful than earlier American efforts, encoutering as they did, multiple gas attacks. The spearhead was led by 46th (North Midland) Brigade. As Major H.J.C Marshall, a divisional staff officer, recorded they were not expected to advance far, leaving that to the Americans and Australians to their left. If they could not get a foothold they were had orders to swim across the canal in ice cold water.^[6] But divisional HQ had spared no effort to find all necessary equipment to achieve the objective. They advanced one hour later than the Americans under a hail of machine gun bullets and "cyclone of shells". A thick fog cae down helping to mask them from German sight. Pushing on through the dawn's early light were a battalion of North Staffords overran the German machine-gun positions;^[7] the bridge's defenders were shot and killed, as the infantry fixed bayonets and charged. 5,000 German prisoners were taken.^[8] For almost the first time in the war the attack had been an outstanding success. Brathwaite received plaudits from Monash and Rawlinson.^[9] 46th Division recovered over 1,000 machine-guns.^[10] Weeks later George V visited Bellenglise, the site where the Hindenburg line was breached by a Territorial unit.^[11]

Braithwaite was devastated by his son's death on 1 July 1916 on the Somme. Having no heir, he burnt all his family papers. As successes emerged in late 1918, Haig was effusive in praise of his officer's and men's achievement, showing the friendship and esteem for which he was held by General Braithwaite all his life.^[12]

Post war

After the war, Braithwaite was commissioned by Haig to produce a report evaluating the performance of British staff officers in all theatres of the conflict.^[5] Although the decision-making abilities of many staff officers (including Braithwaite) had been seriously questioned during the war, Braithwaite's report was generally favourable.^[5]

He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command, India in 1920, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Scottish Command in 1923,^[13] and then General Officer Commanding-in Chief at Eastern Command in 1926^[14] before being appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1927.^[14] In 1928 he was in charge of arranging Douglas Haig's funeral. He retired in 1931.^[14]

He served as a commissioner of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission from 1927 to 1931, as Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1931 to 1938, and as King of Arms of the Order of the Bath from 1933 until his death.^[2]

He died at his home in Rotherwick on 7 September 1945.

Notes

Bibliography

• Edmonds, Sir John (1939). Military Operations: France and Belgium 1914–1918. I, II, III, IV. London: Macmillan. 
• Edmonds, ed., Sir John (1947). Military Operations: France and Belgium 1918, volume IV. London: HMSO. 
• Sir John Edmonds and R Maxwell-Hyslop (eds.) Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, volume V, London, HMSO, 1947
• Walker, Jonathan (1998). "The Blood Tub. General Gough and the Battle of Bullecourt, 1917". E and J Gellibrand Diary, 10 March 1906. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 
• Harris, J.P. (2008). Douglas Haig and the First World War. Cambridge: CUP. 
• Paschall, R. (1989). The Defeat of Imperial Germany 1917–1918. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books. 
• Peaple, Simon. "Mud, Blood and Determination. The History of the 46th (North Midland) Division in the Great War". Wolverhampton Military Studies 14. Helion & Company (15 April 2015. ISBN 1910294667. 
• Priestley, R.E. (1919). Breaking the Hindenburg Line: The Story of the 46th (North Midland) Division. London: T Fisher Unwin. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Braithwaite.

• http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-people/the-british-generals-biographies/3405-lieutenant-general-sir-walter-pipon-braithwaite-kcb.html#sthash.FaA7750h.dpuf
• Walter Braithwaite at First World War.com
• Walter Braithwaite at the Western Front Association
• Walter Braithwaite at the Birmingham Centre for First World War studies
• Walter Braithwaite at This is Jersey.com