Women at the Olympics

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) promotes women in sports in an effort to increase participation in the games as well recognition of the well being of women and girls in sports at all levels of sports and different structures within sports. This is consistent with the Olympic charter which promotes equality within sports of men and women by including both genders in these competitions. The IOC as well as the International Federations (IFS) and National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have been committed to the mandates of this Olympic charter. Multiple measures have been taken toward increasing the participation of women at governing and administrative levels as well as training and education toward women in sport and the supporting administrative structures. Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.^[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics where every participating country included female athletes.^[2][3] They were also the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.^[4] Women have competed in the Olympics since 1900, following an all-male Games in 1896.

Leadership within the IOC

The IOC is committed to promoting women's participation in sports as part of their sports administration. An attempt was made to have women occupy at least 20% of the decision making positions of the legislative bodies by the end of 2005, but the attempt failed.^[1] The objective of at least 10% by the end of 2000 however, was achieved. As of May 2014, 24 women are active IOC members, which is 22.6%.^[1] In 1990 the first woman, Flor Isava Fonseca, was elected to the Executive Board. The Vice President of the IOC from 1997-2001 was a woman, Anita DeFrantz.^[1] An increasing number of women are serving as chairpersons on IOC commissions.^[1] The NOCs are also making progress toward the objective with 11 NOCS headed by female presidents. IOC-Recognized Federations' executive boards are 26% women. Winter and Summer IFs boards are only 17% women.^[1]

IOC Women and Sport Commission

Women participants at each Summer Olympic Games as a percentage of all participants

There has been additional work from the IOC Women and Sport Commission, commissioned in 2004, after starting as a working group in 1995. Women in Sport Commission advises the IOC President and Executive Board to ensure equality with consideration of women in sport in policy making. The IOC has also done much work through programs developed to educate women in leadership roles toward success in administrative positions in NOCs and National Sports Federations. Furthermore, Olympic Solidarity programs assist NOCs participation in various ways, including a special Women and Sport assistance program. Every year the IOC awards the "Women and Sport " trophy to persons or organizations making a considerable contribution to women's sports.^[5]

Every four years the IOC conducts a world conference to review and plan actions to improve women's sports participation and promote gender equality in sport. A specific declaration was made at the 2012 conference in Los Angeles to collaborate and promote equality and use sport as a tool to improving women's lives (Olympic.org)

The representation of women in the Olympics has always been below 50%. It has risen from about 10% until World War II to 44% in 2012. One cause of this is that some sports that have been historically popular with women are not included in the Olympics or have been included only recently.

Attending the games

In some countries like Australia, getting funding for women to participate in the Olympics during the early years of the Games was difficult. Twenty years ago, the Australian swimming federation did not want to spend money to send female athletes to compete in the games; rather, they wanted to spend money to fund more participation of male swimmers.^[5] Sending a woman athlete (like Thelma Kench from New Zealand in 1932) also required the extra cost of a chaperone with the team.

Media coverage

Historically, coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited.^[6] Instead, the media focuses on female athletes in non-team competitions and on team sports played equally by both genders.^[6]

NBC spends a smaller portion of coverage time on women than men in the Winter Olympics, but during the summer Olympics women seem to get a more equal share of attention. In the 2012 summer Games, NBC actually spent more time on women than men, and women received 55% of clock time within NBC’s telecast at the London games.^[2] “If your primary concern is to see the US win medals, the last couple of Olympics, the women are winning the majority of the medals, [so] you’re going to be showing more women’s sport,” says Billings.^[2] When women’s sports are covered in the media, that doesn’t mean they are represented well by the commentators. There will generally be comments about how women’s sports are years behind men’s sports in what the athletes are able to accomplish. You also hear a lot about how a women was lucky if she succeeded in a sport, rather than about her ability and commitment. The women in non-contact or graceful, less aggressive sports, have been getting much more TV time. If you’re a gymnast, diver, runner, swimmer, or volleyball player, you’re more likely to be covered. If you compete in judo or shotput, you’re out of luck. Women’s beach volleyball tends to get a lot of coverage, but there are arguments over why this is so. Although it is an awesome sport and America happens to have some of the best sand volleyball players there are, it is questionable if they receive more coverage because of their talent, or because of their outfits. In 2008, when all four American Olympic volleyball teams (beach and indoor, men’s and women’s) medaled, the women’s beach volleyball team received more coverage than either men’s team; the women’s indoor team wasn’t covered at all.^[2]

The Games: Sports

Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.^[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.^[4]

According to The International Olympic Committee’s list of women’s sports (updated in May 2014) these were the following years every new woman’s sport was introduced. The first women’s sports were in 1900, which were tennis and golf. The next 3 Olympics added archery (1904), tennis and figure skating (1908), and swimming (1912). The next sports were not added until twelve-sixteen years later, fencing (1924) and gymnastics (1928). The second winter sport added to women’s sport was alpine skiing in 1936. Another long twelve to sixteen years later, canoeing was added in 1948 and equestrian sports in 1952. Two Olympics following, speed skating was added to the games in 1960. The following Olympics volleyball and luge were added in 1964; rowing, basketball, and handball were added in 1976; field hockey was added in 1980; shooting and cycling were introduced in 1984. The next two Olympic terms included 6 more women’s sports, tennis, table tennis, sailing in 1988 and badminton, judo, biathlon in 1992. In 1996, football and softball; in 1998, curling and ice hockey; in 2000, weightlifting, penthalon, taekwondo, and triathlon, in 2002, bobsleighing was added; in 2004, wrestling; in 2008, BMX. The last updated women’s sports included in the Olympic games according to the IOC are boxing (2012) and ski jumping (2014).^[1]

Basketball

Women's basketball has been contested in the Summer Olympics since 1976.^[7]

Boxing

It took over 100 years from when men's boxing was announced for women's boxing to be announced.^[3] Women's boxing was first introduced at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Nicola Adams winning the first boxing gold medal in the flyweight division.

Cycling

While men's road and track cycling have been Olympic disciplines since the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, there were no women's cycling events in the Olympic programme until the 1984 Games in Los Angeles when the first women's road race was held. The first track cycling event for women followed in 1988, but the 2012 London Games were the first with equal numbers of events for men and women, which entailed a reduction in the number of men's events as well as an increase in the number of women's events. The disciplines of mountain biking and BMX were introduced in 1996 and 2008 respectively, with separate men's and women's events from the outset.^[8]

Ice hockey

Canadian Hayley Wickenheiser is the all-time leading scorer in the women's tournament^[9] and was named tournament MVP twice.^[10]

At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.^[11] Women's hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NWOOC). The NWOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not be competitive.^[12] According to Glynis Peters, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do."^[13] In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme.^[12] Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive.^[13] The IOC had agreed that if the NWOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics.^[12] The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.^[14]

Softball

In 1991, fast-pitch softball was selected to debut as a medal event for women-only at the 1996 Summer Olympics^[15] The 1996 Olympics also marked a key era in the introduction of technology in softball; the IOC funded a landmark biomechanical study on pitching during the games. The 117th meeting of the International Olympic Committee, held in Singapore in July 2005, voted to drop softball and baseball for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.^[16][17] Attempts to get softball readded to the Olympic program for the 2016 games failed when the International Olympic Committee executive board instead selected golf and rugby sevens.^[18] The United States have won three of the four Olympic tournaments.^[19][20]

Weightlifting

Women's weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, with the following weight classes:

• 48 kg
• 53 kg
• 58 kg
• 63 kg
• 69 kg
• 75 kg
• +75 kg

Around the world

Rome 1960

The role American women at the Olympics gained in importance and visibility compared to their male American peers.^[21]

Oceania

Australia

Fanny Durrack (left) and Mina Wylie, Australian swimmers, in 1912

Fanny Durack was Australia's first female gold medalist.^[22] She earned this medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics,^[23] where she represented a combined team of Australia and New Zealand, known as the Australasian team.^[5]

Participation costs for Australian athletes, costs like travel to and lodging at, early Olympic games were expected to be paid by the local sport federation sponsoring the athlete.^[5]

In early Australian swimming history as it pertains to the Olympics, there was an attempt to prevent women from participating by male Australian swimming administrators.^[23]

Women's sports

Olympic recognition

Throughout the history of the Olympics, sports popular exclusively with women or that have been very popular with women have been excluded.^[25] The situation extends beyond the popular women's sport of netball to women's cycling, which was excluded for many years despite having world championships for women being organised by 1958.^[25] It extends to field hockey, a sport included for men as early as 1908 but not competed by women until 1980.^[25] Lawn bowls is a popular women's sport that has been included in the Commonwealth Games for many years but has not made the Olympic program.^[25] While primarily a sport for women, netball allows for mixed-gendered teams,^[26][27] but the Olympics do not allow mixed-gendered team sports.^{[25][note 1]}

The issues facing netball are part of a larger issue involving female participation in the Olympics.^[25] At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, there were 159 sports for men to compete in, 86 sports for women, and 12 sports for both men and women.^[29] At the 2000 Summer Olympics, there were still sports that women were excluded from participating in, such as boxing, wrestling and baseball; softball was included as a women-only event. The issue of male over-representation in terms of total number of sports and athletes is structural. In the United Kingdom, for example, more male athletes than female athletes received financial support. Sports officials rationalised this uneven distribution of funding by claiming that there are more opportunities for men to win on the highest level than there are comparable opportunities for women.^[29] The importance of netball being included as a competition sport in the Summer Olympics has been compared to softball, and the benefits that the sport derived from Olympic inclusion.^[30] This included additional media attention and television coverage, especially during Olympic years.^[30] Olympic recognition plays an important part in getting sponsorship for local competitions around the world.^[31] It also plays an important role in providing recognition to and opportunities for females that may not be available otherwise.^[31]

The selection of women's teams sport in the Olympics may not match with interest levels in a country.^[6] In Australia for example, 245,300 total women and girls play basketball, hockey, soccer, softball and volleyball.^[6] This compares to 319,500 women and girls who play netball.^[6]

Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.^[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.^[4]

Funding

The lack of Olympic recognition hampered the globalisation of the game in developing countries,^[32] because the Olympic Solidarity Movement provides access to funding for these nations through the International Olympic Committee.^[32] In some countries such as Tanzania, the lack of access to Olympic funding cut off other funding options such funding by British Council.^[33] With official recognition, funding from the IOC, the Olympic Solidarity Movement and the British Council became available to cover costs for travel to international competitions.^[32] For some nations, without that assistance, trying to maintain international calibre teams was difficult.^[32] Olympic recognition brought money for development into the sport.^[7] In 2004, IFNA received a grant of US$10,000 from the IOC for development.^[7] IFNA was given an additional US$3,300 a year until 2007 by the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports (ARISF).^[7]

Beyond access to funds from the International Olympic Committee, Olympic recognition is often a requirement for getting funding from state and national sporting bodies, and state and federal governments. This has been the case in Australia,^[34] and British Columbia, Canada.^[35] In 1985, the Australian Sports Commission and the Office of the Status of Women identified five criteria for obtaining federal funding.^[34] One of these was: "status as an Olympic sport and its size by registrations."^{[34][note 2]} In British Columbia, one of the guidelines says that in order to receive funding, "The sport must be on the program for either the 2011 or 2013 Canada Games and/or the next scheduled recognized International Multi-Sport Games (Olympics/Paralympics, Pan American or Commonwealth Games, Special Olympic World Games)."^[35]

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, the American team, for the first time, had more female athletes, 269, than male, 261.^[36]

See also

• Softball at the Summer Olympics
• Netball and the Olympic Movement

Notes

1. ↑ While team mixed gendered sports are not competed at the Olympics, some mixed gendered events are included. They include equestrian sports, shooting and sailing where men and women compete against each other. In shooting and sailing, women were originally only allowed to compete in mixed-gendered events. Single-gender events for these sports were not added until a later date.^[28]
2. ↑ Netball qualified for funding because it met the other criteria. From 1980 to 1984, the sport received A$497,000 in funding.^[34]

References

Bibliography

Olympic Games
Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI
Summer Games	1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 1944 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 2028
Winter Games	1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 1944 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026
Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games