Xu Beihong

Xu Beihong
徐悲鴻
Born (1895-07-19)19 July 1895
Yixing, Jiangsu, Qing China
Died 26 September 1953(1953-09-26) (aged 58)
Beijing
Nationality Chinese
Known for Oil painting, Chinese ink painting
Xu Beihong
Traditional Chinese 徐悲鴻
Simplified Chinese 徐悲鸿
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Xu.

Xu Beihong (Chinese: 徐悲鴻; pinyin: Xú Bēihóng; 19 July 1895 – 26 September 1953) was a Chinese painter born in Yixing, Jiangsu province. He was primarily known for his Chinese ink paintings of horses and birds and was one of the first Chinese artists to articulate the need for artistic expressions that reflected a modern China at the beginning of the 20th century. He was also regarded as one of the first to create monumental oil paintings with epic Chinese themes – a show of his high proficiency in an essential Western art technique.[1]

Biography

Former residence of Xu Beihong in Nanjing.

Xu began studying classic Chinese works and calligraphy with his father Xu Dazhang when he was six, and Chinese painting when he was nine. In 1915, he moved to Shanghai, where he made a living off commercial and private work. He travelled to Tokyo in 1917 to study arts. When he returned to China, he began to teach at Peking University's Arts school at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei. Beginning in 1919, Xu studied overseas in Paris at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where he studied oil painting and drawing. His travels around Western Europe allowed him to observe and learn Western art techniques. Xu Beihong still wrote regularly for the Daily University of Peking University that dealt with wider issues then just campus politics. Xu addressed issues of Art and Art History and in 1920 a university art journal called Painting Miscellany was published.[2]

Xu Beihong and Jiang Biwei

He and his partner Jiang Biwei came back to China in 1927 and, from 1927 to 1929, he gained a number of posts at institutions in China, including teaching at National Central University (now Nanjing University) in the former capital city Nanjing.

In 1933, Xu organized an exhibition of modern Chinese painting that traveled to France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and the Soviet Union. During World War II, Xu traveled to Southeast Asia, holding exhibitions in Singapore and India. All the proceeds from these exhibitions went to Chinese people who were suffering as a result of the war.

Galloping Horse

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Xu became president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts and chairman of the China Artists Association. Xu Beihong was a master of both oils and Chinese ink. Most of his works, however, were in the Chinese traditional style. In his efforts to create a new form of national art, he combined Chinese brush and ink techniques with Western perspective and methods of composition. He integrated firm and bold brush strokes with the precise delineation of form. As an art teacher, he advocated the subordination of technique to artistic conception and emphasizes the importance of the artist's experiences in life. Of all of the Painters of the modern era, it can be safely said that Xu is the one painter most responsible for the direction taken in the modern Chinese Art world. The policies enacted by Xu at the beginning of the Communist Era continue to control not only official Government Policy towards the arts, but they continue to direct the overall direction taken in the various Art Colleges and Universities throughout China.

Xu enjoyed massive support from art collectors across Asia. Between 1939 and 1941, he held solo exhibitions in Singapore, India and Malaya (Penang, Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh) to help raise funds for the war relief effort in China. In one war benefit exhibition in March 1939, Xu held a group exhibition with Chinese ink painting masters Ren Bonian and Qi Baishi, and showcased 171 works of art at the Victoria Memorial Hall.[3]

He also met luminaries such as Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi during his stay in India, and got his sources of inspiration which led to the creation of iconic works such as the 4.21m-wide The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains painting on show at the Singapore Art Museum (SAM). Artworks like After a Poem of the Six Dynasties, Portrait of Ms Jenny and Put Down Your Whip were also created during his sojourns in Southeast Asia. SAM Director Kwok Kian Chow mentioned that Xu's name tops the list in Asian modern realism art, and his connections with various parts of Asia and Europe opened a new chapter of historical narratives, exchanges and influences of aesthetics and ideas in art.[1]

Xu constantly pushed the boundaries of visual art with new techniques and international aesthetics, in bid to reinvent Chinese art. In fact, Xu's influence extends beyond China in the early 20th-century. Many pioneer Singapore artists such as Chen Wen Hsi, Lee Man Fong and Chen Chong Swee looked up to him as a mentor and a worthy peer, sharing Xu's advocate to closely observe nature and inject realism into Chinese painting.[4]

Xu died of a stroke in 1953. After his death, a Xu Beihong Museum was established at his home in Beijing.

Controversies

In 2008, two ceramic vases by Xu came into the centre of a legal tussle, between the sponsor of the art exhibition titled Xu Beihong In Nanyang at the Singapore Art Museum and the family friends of Xu. The art collectors Huang Man Shi and Huang Meng Gui had passed the vases and some of Xu's paintings to Mr Jack Bonn, a Hong Kong art dealer in 2006, to be auctioned off at Christie's auction house. The 18 cm-high vases were made in the 1940s, and titled Malay Dancers and Orchid. These items were to be returned if the auctions failed. Instead, the vases went on show at the Museum without the approval from the owners. The Museum maintained they were unaware of any legal implications surrounding the artifacts. It was only after the end of the exhibition in July 2008, that the Museum received notice to reclaim the vases from Jack Bonn. In 2009 the vases were returned to the descendants of the Huang brothers.[5]

Xu's son, Xu Boyang, signed an affidavit that a nude portrait that had been found was of his mother Jiang Biwei. The painting was then sold for approximately $11m in 2010 at Beijing Jiuge Auctions. After the sale it was claimed that the painting was not by Xu Beihong but it was a piece created in 1983 by a student at the Central Academy of Fine Arts.[6]

Personal life

Xu Beihong went to Japan to study arts in 1917. Jiang Biwei who was already married went with him to Japan without the consent of her family. Her family said that she had died to cover their embarrassment.[7] In 1927, Xu Beihong and Jiang Biwei had a son and a daughter. Three years later, Xu Beihong had a love affair with his student Sun Duoci.[8] The affair ended with Jiang Biwei's intervention, but the damage to their marriage was done.[8] This account is questioned in a biography written by Xu Beihong's later wife - Liao Jingwen states that there was no improper relationship between Xu Beihong and the student. It goes on to describe how Jiang Biwei was having an affair herself with the married official Zhang Daofan. It was Zhang who suggested Xu had been having an improper relationship in order to further drive a wedge between the couple.[9] However, finally their 20-year painful relationship ended with a divorce in 1945. In 1946, Xu Beihong married Liao Jingwen, a librarian who took care of his life and career until he died in 1953. They had a son and a daughter.[10]

Other media

A 24-episode history soap opera depicting Xu's life from early adulthood until 1949 was produced in Hebei and aired in Chinese television in 2013.

References

  1. 1 2 "Singapore Art Museum (SAM) opens 'Xu Beihong in Nanyang' a Solo Exhibition". Art Knowledge News. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  2. ↑ Brown, edited by Rebecca M.; Hutton, Deborah S. (2011). A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture. Chicester: Wiley. p. 553. ISBN 1444396323.
  3. ↑ "徐悲鸿的故事说不完 ：Xu Beihong's stories are endless". 联合早报 LianHe ZaoBao. 2008-04-05. p. 23.
  4. ↑ Chow, Clara (2008-04-27). "A little horseplay". South China Morning Post.
  5. ↑ Shetty, Deepika (2009-03-21). "Museum to return vases". Straits Times.
  6. ↑ "Students claim credit for $11m painting". China Daily. 2011-09-19. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  7. ↑ editors-in-chief; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, A.D. Stefanowska ; assistant editor-in-chief, Sue (2003). Biographical dictionary of Chinese women : the twentieth century, 1912-2000. London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 254. ISBN 0765607980.
  8. 1 2 Sun Duoci: One of the First Women Artists in Oils, Tracy Zhu, 9 September 2014, Women Of China, retrieved 2 April 2015
  9. ↑ Xu Beihong : Life of a Master Painter.
  10. ↑ ""我与悲鸿" (I and Beihong)".
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