Apple Pippin

This article is about the Pippin platform. For the console, see Apple Bandai Pippin. For apples, see Pippin apple (disambiguation).
Apple Pippin

The Bandai Pippin and Wireless Controller
Developer Apple Computer
Manufacturer Bandai
Product family Apple Macintosh
Type Multimedia player platform for video game console, Internet appliance and interactive kiosk development
Generation Fifth generation
Release date 1996 (1996)
Retail availability 1996 (1996)–1997 (1997)
Introductory price US$599
Discontinued 1997 (1997)
Units sold 42,000
Predecessor Playdia
Related articles Apple Interactive Television Box

The Apple Pippin is an open platform, multimedia technology platform,[1] designed by Apple Computer, and marketed as PiPP!N. According to Apple, Pippin was directed at the home market as "an integral part of the consumer audiovisual, stereo, and television environment."[1]

Pippin is based on the Apple Macintosh platform, including the classic Mac OS architecture. Apple built a demonstration device based on Pippin called "Pippin Power Player," and used it to demonstrate the platform at trade shows and to the media, in order to attract potential software developers and hardware manufacturers.[2] Apple licensed the Pippin technology to third-party companies. Bandai Company Ltd. developed the ATMARK and @WORLD models, and focused them on the gaming and entertainment business in Japan and the United States. Katz Media developed the KMP 2000, and focused it on vertical markets throughout Europe and Canada.

Naming

The Apple Pippin platform was named for the Newtown Pippin, an apple cultivar, a smaller and more tart relative of the McIntosh apple (which is the namesake of the Macintosh).[1] According to Apple, it intended for Pippin to be more than just a platform for game consoles. "Apple believes that over time Pippin will take many forms, including home telecommunication devices and much more. Apple did not want to choose a name that would be specific for a certain market space, as it will certainly appeal to many types of consumers and be shipped in a variety of forms from many manufacturers."[1]

The word "pippin" was used by Apple prior to the Apple Pippin platform. The Apple ProFile, an external hard disk drive for the Apple III and Apple Lisa, used the code name "Pippin" during development.[3]

History

Apple never intended to release Pippin on its own. Apple intended to make the Pippin platform an open standard[4] by licensing the technology to third parties, much like how JVC shared the VHS format in the 1970s.[4] Relying on third party companies to produce Pippin systems was a way to increase Macintosh's market share – a goal identical to Apple's clone attempt in the late 1990s.[4] It even encouraged differentiation between systems, in order to encourage competition – as long as the systems stuck to Apple's reference design to avoid fragmentation.[5] The licensees could improve its systems by improving industrial design, integrating telephony, improving video and audio capabilities, increasing memory capacity, and more.[5]

Bandai and Apple

For more details on this topic, see Apple Bandai Pippin.
Bandai Pippin ATMARK, with the AppleJack game pad.

In 1993, Bandai wanted to deliver a scaled down version Macintosh purely for CD-ROM game playing. Bandai President and CEO Makoto Yamashina chose the Macintosh platform over other platforms available at the time.[6]

In early 1994, Bandai approached Apple with the gaming console idea. The original design was based on a Macintosh Classic II 16 MHz Motorola 68030 running Macintosh system software. Apple's involvement would be to define the initial logic board design, and Bandai would provide the casing and packaging. This was considered the fastest delivery solution to market at a very reasonable return on investment for both Apple and Bandai.

Originally, Bandai never intended to develop a system with Internet connectivity in mind.[6] However, Apple and Bandai received feedback from customers, indicating that they were looking for a system that could connect to the Internet. To make Internet connectivity possible, Apple had to implement a modem into the Pippin design. Two years earlier (1992,) Apple had already moved away from the older serial interface with an external Hayes compatible modem on its Macintosh systems, and switched to a serial interface which included GeoPort – a serial data technology that allowed software to emulate a modem. Implementing GeoPort into the Pippin platform required Apple to make a major change in its design – moving away from the 68030 footprint and to a PowerPC footprint. Apple chose the PowerPC 603 32-bit processor, as it was designed to be a low cost, low end processor for embedded use.

On December 13, 1994, Apple announced the Pippin platform in Tokyo, as well as the partnership with Bandai. In March 1996, the white-colored Bandai Pippin ATMARK (ピピンアットマーク Pipin Attomāku) went on sale in Japan at a price of 64,800 yen, which included a dial-up modem and four bundled titles. Yamashina predicted sales of 200,000 Pippin ATMARK systems would be sold in Japan within the first twelve months.[6]

In October 1995, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun reported that Mitsubishi Electric Corporation would follow Bandai as a licensee to the Pippin technology. Although Mitsubishi didn't actually sign a license agreement with Apple, it did manufacture the systems for Bandai (and effectively, Katz Media) on an original equipment manufacturer basis.[7]

Bandi originally planned to launch the Pippin in 1995, but the release was later pushed back to March 1996 for Japan and June 1996 for the USA.[8]

The black-colored Bandai Pippin @WORLD (pronounced at-world) went on sale in the United States in June 1996 at a price of US$599.00. The @WORLD bundle included a six-month unlimited Internet account from PSINet at a cost of US$24.95 per month. Bandai predicted 300,000 Pippin @WORLD systems would be sold within twelve months.[6]

By 1997, the Bandai @WORLD was extremely unpopular in the United States.[9] Bandai pulled the @WORLD out of the American market, and shipped the unsold units back to Japan.[9] The black-colored units were re-branded ATMARK (and without the ATMARK labeling on the front,) and sold in the Japanese market.[9]

Katz Media

The Katz Media KMP 2000 includes the generic docking station with PCI interface.

On June 4, 1996, Katz Media, based in Norway, became the second (and last) company to sign a license agreement with Apple to produce Pippin systems.[10] While Bandai was targeting the Japan and United States markets, Katz Media focused on Europe and Canada. Because Katz Media was a media software-only company, it signed an agreement with Bandai so that Bandai would produce the hardware as an OEM for Katz Media.[11]

Katz Media originally intended to produce two configurations of the Pippin: one as a basic multimedia system for running CD-ROM titles, and a higher-end system supporting Internet access.[12] The goal was to start shipping Pippin units in November 1996,[12] but didn't actually start shipping product until March 1997.[13] Also, it ended up producing only one model of the Pippin – the Pippin KMP 2000.[14] The KMP 2000 was available in two configurations: with or without an external 50-pin Centronics SCSI interface on the back of the unit.

To develop content, Katz Media worked with a variety of multimedia developers and publishers to "Pippinize" their existing CD-ROM titles and make them available for the Pippin.[15]

Katz Media never sold the KMP 2000 in the retail market. Instead, it attempted to use the system as a set-top box for a television set or VGA display, to be distributed to its partners' client base in order to interface with a variety of vertically marketed interests, such as catalogs, databases, Internet content, and so on.[16] As a result, the Katz Media KMP 2000 is the rarest of the Pippin systems, and is extremely difficult to find in today's used market.

Katz Media signed onto a number of agreements with companies across Europe and Canada. One agreement was to publish CD-ROM based catalogs for Redwall Retail Stores, and use the Pippin as an interactive kiosk that would be left in stores running the CD-ROMs.[17] Katz Media also attempted to push the KMP 2000 into Canada – a country that in May 1997 had only 20-percent of its citizens with access to the Internet.[14] The idea was to use the country's existing cable network to bring in Internet access, and the KMP 2000 was to be used as an Internet appliance that would be issued to subscribers.[14] A hotel chain in Europe signed a deal with Katz Media to use the KMP 2000 in hotel rooms, so that guests can access the Internet.[18] Katz Media then signed with a hospital in France, using the KMP 2000 as an on-line system so that as a team, physicians can pull up and review case studies, and collaborate on diagnoses and treatments.[19] On June 16, 1997, the Netface Consortium in the Netherlands selected the KMP 2000 as the device to be used as a part of what the company called "the world's first Internet shopping mall."[20] CAI-Westland owned a two-way cable environment with 55,000 subscribers, and the KMP 2000 was to be given to the subscribers as a device to shop for products from a consortium of 23 companies.[20]

DayStar Digital

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he stopped all Macintosh clone efforts, which shut down the Apple Pippin concept. Once Apple stopped all development of the Pippin platform, it affected all parties. Bandai stopped production of all models of Pippin by mid-1997.[21] Katz Media, who was receiving its systems from Bandai, vowed to continue supporting Pippin in a PR notice released June 25, 1997.[22] Katz Media reportedly had some 100,000 units committed because of written agreements with companies spanning twenty countries.[22] The company would eventually file for bankruptcy by the end of 1998.[21] On February 27, 1998, DayStar Digital purchased all remaining inventory of hardware from Bandai, and sold the inventory to anyone who would buy them.[21][23] A former employee of DayStar placed sales of the Pippin through its distribution chain as high as 2,000 systems.[21]

Bandai continued to support its consoles until December 31, 2002.

Developer marketing

To encourage software developers to create content for the Pippin platform, Apple attempted to sell the platform as being scalable, in that applications written for, example, the ATMARK or @WORLD would work in future models of Pippin. In Apple's Q&A document, Apple contrasted its scalability with the Nintendo system, where the "Nintendo 8-bit NES cartridges don't work on the 16-bit SNES."[5] The CD-ROMs do not contain region protection, so that titles made for the ATMARK would also run on the @WORLD. Apple also promised the developers that, "Apple has no intention or desire to enter the business of regulating an industry which should be encouraged to exercise freedoms needed by the creative artists which Apple wants to evangelize onto the platform. Apple will abide by whatever ratings systems are regulated by governments. Apple, where reasonable, will endorse those systems which reduce excessive oversight and permit the freedom to the artists."[5] An example of this is the Yellows series by Akira Gomi; originally a book displaying nude Japanese women, it was converted to an electronic database.

To develop Pippin applications, developers had to become Apple registered developers, so that they could receive the developer kits, as well as receive discounts on equipment required for Pippin development, such as the Power Macintosh AV system. At the May 1995 World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC), details were made available to potential developers.[5] Bandai also issued a "Pippin Security Key" in the Pippin hardware development kit, which when inserted into the AppleJack ADB port allowed an off-the-shelf Pippin system to bypass the authentication system when running non-authenticated CD-ROMs.[24]

Network Computer Platform

For more details on this topic, see Network Computer.

On May 21, 1996, Oracle Corporation, along with 30 hardware and software vendors, announced an intent to build computers that are designed around the network computer platform.[25] The idea was to design technology based on a profile that included diskless computers, commonly coded applications using languages such as Java, and interface with the Internet using common software such as Netscape Navigator. In May 1996, Apple became a partner in the network computing effort, and used the Apple Pippin platform as its implementation.[26] Katz Media attempted to use the network computer platform concept as a way to push the Pippin into vertical markets.[14][16][18] Although the Apple iMac (1998) is popularly known for the disappearance of the floppy disk,[27] the Apple Pippin platform was about two years ahead of the iMac in this effort.

Hardware design

The rear of the Pippin, with multiple A/V outs and a printer and modem ports.

The Apple Pippin platform was based on the PowerPC Platform, a platform designed and supported by IBM and Apple. The PowerPC 603 processor is based on RISC design,[28] thereby allowing peripherals to rely on the Pippin CPU. For example, instead of relying on a fully featured analog modem, the Pippin has a GeoPort serial port. Various dialup Internet service providers (ISP)—including Prodigy, America On-Line, and eWorld—were supported by the Pippin platform, as well as generic ISPs.

The address bus of the PowerPC 603 can theoretically access memory up to 64 MB. However, the operating system's maximum addressable memory size is 37 MB.[29] Furthermore, because of the ASIC design of the Pippin hardware, the maximum RAM size that can be added is 32 MB.[30] Officially, Bandai produced memory upgrade modules of 2, 4, 8 and 16 MB. The memory chips are soldered onto a printed circuit board, and is placed in a plastic housing, making installation into a Pippin system simple for the end user.[31] Japanese hackers produced an aftermarket 16 MB module, but because the module was much larger than the memory module compartment on the Pippin, installation requires removing the logic board from the chassis, and then mounting the large memory module in-between the logic board and chassis.[29]

Apple encouraged hardware developers to produce PCI compatible peripherals that can be added to the Pippin. The only official method of producing add-ons for the Pippin was by developing PCI-compatible devices, and then placed in a docking station cabinet. A proprietary riser card interface (referred to by Apple as a X-PCI slot) is located on the bottom of a Pippin system, and is used by docking stations. A docking station for a Pippin can contain a variety of hardware, such as SCSI or floppy disk drive controllers, video interfaces, codecs, or network interfaces such as Ethernet. The logic board passes PCI signals through the X-PCI docking interface, and then to the docking station.[32] Docking stations within the Pippin line do not provide pass-through support, thereby limiting a Pippin system to use only one docking station at one time. For example, a docking station for a floppy disk drive would need to be removed in order to attach a docking station for the magneto optical drive. Katz Media produced a generic docking station, containing a PCI slot, allowing a user to install PCI cards. No PCI-based peripherals were ever developed specifically for the Pippin.

As Bandai specifically marketed its Pippin models as game consoles, many of the titles produced are games and entertainment software or edutainment software. Because the Pippin platform is based on Macintosh system software, graphic services such as 2D and 3D QuickDraw are made available to developers. Early on, Apple encouraged hardware developers to produce 3D rendering hardware so that the RISC processor could be free to tend to other processing. MPEG codec is not supported by the system software, as QuickTime is the only video format supported by the platform.

The operating system is not located in the Pippin's onboard storage, and is instead located on the CD-ROMs for each of the Pippin's software releases.[33] Apple could thus upgrade the operating system without having to sell new hardware to the consumer.[33] However, because of this, once Pippin software releases ended, it became impossible to upgrade to a later operating system, or install extensions and such. The system automatically reboots whenever the CD-ROM eject button is pushed, so a user can not load the system software off one CD-ROM, and then insert another CD-ROM. Apple intended for the Pippin platform to be an appliance, and encouraged consumers to purchase a fully featured Macintosh system if they were looking for something upgradable. Bandai never upgraded its system software beyond the 7.5.2 version. Hardware enthusiasts have been able to run system software as late as Mac OS 8.0, but this can only be done on a system utilizing a developer ROM-BIOS.[34]

System software

On a typical PowerPC-based Macintosh system, the boot process includes loading a bootstrap loader from ROM, loading the Process Manager stored in the boot blocks of the startup device, locating a "blessed" System Folder on the startup device, and then loading Finder.[35] However, because the Pippin platform ran only on non-writable CD-ROM, a modification to the boot process had to be made. For developers who were using standard 7.5.2 system software, a "PippinFinder" was installed into the System Folder, allowing the CD-ROM to be bootable on a Pippin-based system. Once development was finalized, PippinFinder was removed from the System Folder, and the Pippin-specific system software was placed onto the build. In addition, an alias of the main executable was placed into the Startup Items folder, so that upon bootup, the application will launch automatically. Developers are constrained to the base hardware profile of the Pippin platform, using no hard drive cache for downloaded content, and sharing 128 KB of NVRAM with the system.[36]

The standard Finder interface was replaced with a simpler interface called "Pippin Launch." In Finder, the interface was based on folders and files. In Pippin Launch, the icons are clickable squares, and the user did not have access to standard Finder features, such as "New Folder."

Among developers, "Pippinized" is a reference to creating CD-ROM titles designed to boot on a Pippin device.[37] The system and application software is prepared on the external hard disk drive, and with the use of a dongle available only to developers, is tested by booting off the hard disk drive on the Pippin system.[38] After the CD-R is made, the disc had to be sent out to an authorized CD stamping house to be authenticated.[39] RSA's public/private key system was used to create the authentication system on the Pippin platform.

Other than the RSA authentication and modified system files, according to Apple, "Yes, Pippin titles will play on Macintosh computers. If the titles are 68k based they will play on both Power Macintosh and 68k based Macintosh computers. If the titles are written in native PowerPC code they might also play on both platforms depending upon whether or not the developer chose to code in fat binaries or not."[1]

Marketing failure

Once Bandai licensed Pippin from Apple, Apple made no effort to market the Pippin platform. All the marketing was to be done by the licensees.[21] Bandai spent US$93 million in marketing alone to sell the Pippin line.[6] As part of the licensing agreement, both Bandai and Katz Media were not allowed to use the term "computer" when marketing the Pippin systems, so that the systems would not be confused with Apple's own Macintosh product line.[21]

By the time the Pippin systems were released, the market was already dominated by the Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, and the mostly Windows-based PC. In addition, although Apple made efforts to sign on software developers, there was little ready-to-use software for Pippin, the only major publisher being Bandai itself. The system's third party developers consisted solely of small software houses.[40] At a price of US$599 on launch,[41] it was considered too expensive.

In May 1996, PC Graphics Report interviewed a Japanese executive associated with Bandai.[42] According to the article that documented the interview, attempting to market a gaming console as a computer was a sign of lack of cultural research on the part of the Japan-based Bandai.[42] In particular, computer illiterate people did not know what an "@" sign was, as in @WORLD.[42] Consumers in America could not grasp the idea of surfing the Internet using such a device.[42] The executive could not understand how Americans might not be interested in surfing the Internet. Even among internet surfers, the Apple Pippin was not necessarily the console of choice. A July 1996 article in Electronic Gaming Monthly pointed out that the competing Sega Saturn and its separately sold Netlink device combined still cost under $400, making it a far less expensive internet option than the Pippin.[43] And, any device that wasn't simple to use would be a failure in the U.S. market.

The same article also mentioned other problems with the Pippin platform and marketing strategies. The default memory configuration is too small to run the Netscape 2.0 browser, or anything comparable to Java and VRML support. The rendering of text on a TV screen makes reading difficult, since at the time the composite video output was the more commonly available connection to television sets. The US$599 price was too high, especially during late 1996 when the Bandai Pippin was originally released.[42]

Unfulfilled roadmap

Apple intended to grow the Pippin platform alongside the rest of the Macintosh line. In an Apple developer publication, Apple's CEO Gil Amelio announced the Pippin 1997 Reference Platform, and suggested that the platform would include the latest Macintosh technologies, including IEEE 1394 or FireWire, as well as a 25-pin external SCSI port as standard interfaces.[44] In May 1997, Bandai announced a docking station that would include Ethernet support at US$139.00, although such a peripheral was never made available.[45]

In 1997, Bandai developed two prototype units, and displayed them at the MACWORLD Expo/Tokyo '97 event. The Bandai ATMARK-PD was designed as a direct replacement of the original ATMARK footprint, and would have included an internal drive that can read a standard CD-ROM disc, as well as read/write to a magneto optical WORM PD disk with 600 MB of storage capacity.[46]

The Bandai ATMARK-EX was to feature a footprint similar to a Macintosh desktop unit.[47] It was designed to include 8 MB of RAM (expandable to 40 MB,) and the ability to utilize standard 72-pin EDO-DRAM modules, instead of the proprietary memory modules used in the ATMARK and @WORLD. The chassis could handle a half-sized PCI card internally. The displayed unit contained a PCI card-based Ethernet interface, as well as a built-in analog modem. An infrared-based ADB interface was also designed into the prototype, which would have opened up a new line of peripherals.

Technical specifications

According to Apple, what would be included in a Pippin-based product was specific to each manufacturer.[1] Other than the color, the specifications on the Bandai releases were the same across both the ATMARK and @WORLD packages, while the Katz Media release addressed features needed to be scalable, including an external SCSI interface, additional on-board memory, and the lack of RSA technology.

Hardware

Apple Pippin logic board used by the Bandai systems. 6 MB is on the logic board by way of six 1 MB chips – four on the top, and two on the bottom.
Rear view of the Katz Media KMP 2000, with a unique external SCSI interface.
System Bandai Pippin ATMARK Bandai Pippin @WORLD Katz Media Pippin KMP 2000
Model number PA-82001 PW-10001 KMP 2000
Introduction March 1996 October 1996 March 17, 1997
Discontinued Summer 1997
Processor 66 MHz PowerPC 603 RISC microprocessor[48]
On-board memory 6 MB combined system and video memory[49] 8 MB combined system and video memory
Memory upgrades RAM is upgradable in 2, 4, 8 and 16 MB increments
NVRAM 128 KB NVRAM accessible storage space.
Video Output VGA, S-video, RCA composite video (NTSC/PAL switchable),[49] with 640x480 resolution, 8-bit and 16-bit color.
Audio In/Out RCA composite left/right stereo, 16-bit 44 kHz sampled, and headphone output jack
Expansion PCI expansion slot PCI, and optionally external 50-pin Centronics SCSI interface
Input/Output Two "AppleJack" ruggedized ADB inputs (P-ADB); Two high-speed serial ports; modem port is GeoPort ready
Power supply Internal universal switching power supply, 100 v 25 w 50/60 Hz 0.5 A Internal universal switching power supply, 100–240 v 25 w 50/60 Hz 0.5 A
Notes 1996 - White; 1997 - Black All units were black Available with or without external SCSI

ROM-BIOS

KINKA 1.0 ROM-BIOS.
Version KINKA Developer KINKA Pre-release KINKA 1.0 KINKA 1.2 KINKA 1.3
Part number AP2660-02 AP2735-01 AP2777-01 820-0867-01 AP2777-01
Chip labeling 16 flash ROM chips 341S0241 thru 245, 247, 248, 250 341S0251 thru 254 341S0297 thru 300 341S0328 thru 331
Support FDD Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Support HDD Yes No* No Yes Yes
Support Zip 100 Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Support MO 230 Yes No No Yes Yes
Support PCI expansion adapter No No No No Yes
Notes Programmable; unstable Only 500 parts were shipped Common ROM-BIOS (JP) Common ROM-BIOS (US) Authentication disabled

(*) Hard drive is supported by the Pre-Release ROM-BIOS, but only if a Zip 100 is detected as part of the SCSI chain.

Peripherals

Standard equipment in every Apple Pippin package includes a dial-up analog modem (earlier packages included a 14.4 kbit/s modem (PA-82010 or PA-82007), while later packages included a 33.6 kbit/s modem (PA-82017/BDE-82017)) over a GeoPort interface, and one corded AppleJack game pad.

Originally, expansion of the Pippin was to be by way of the docking station. Apple was looking forward to third-party manufacturers producing add-on products, such as PCMCIA slots, MPEG-2 codecs, among others.[1] Some add-ons were made available by Bandai and other third-party manufacturers, and included:

Note that earlier releases of the Bandai Pippin ATMARK could not use the 230MB MO drive; later models had this support added. Bandai nor Apple sold the ROM-BIOS upgrades as a finished good.

Other peripherals not designed specifically for the Pippin line can also be used without modification of the hardware or operating system:

Standard Apple-made ADB devices, such as the Apple Keyboard line, and the Apple Desktop Bus mouse, can be used on a Pippin by way of an ADB-to-AppleJack adapter. AppleJack devices can be used on an ADB-based Macintosh by creating a home-made AppleJack-to-ADB adapter (PA-82005/BDE-8005), which didn't exist as a finished good. Some devices, such as the AppleJack game pad (PA-82004), require extensions for the Macintosh system software.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Apple Pippin FAQ". Apple Computer, Inc. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
  2. ↑ Software Development Page
  3. ↑ Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. p. 41.
  4. 1 2 3 The Computer Chronicles – Winter CES 1996, 19-minute, 22 second mark. 1996. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Apple Pippin Q&A document, February 27, 1995
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Power Ranger: A Japanese Toymaker Invades Cyberspace
  7. ↑ Apple's Pippin: A Pip – or a Pipsqueak? Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Sherman, Christopher (December 1995). "Bandai Playing the Ultra 64 Tune". Next Generation. Imagine Media (12): 22.
  9. 1 2 3 Video Game Console Library
  10. ↑ "Katz Media Signs Worldwide Licensing Agreement for Apple's Pippin Technology". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  11. ↑ "Bandai and Katz Media announce cooperation to develop European Pippin Market". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  12. 1 2 "Katz Media Announces Product Strategy and Cooperation with Strategic Partners for Pippin Platform". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  13. ↑ "Katz Media Begins Shipping Pippins in Europe". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Arborescence launches the first Canadian-content Network Centric computer". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  15. ↑ "Katz Media Announces Partnerships with Multimedia Developers and Publishers for Pippin Platform". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  16. 1 2 "The Pippin Platform: The Ideal Solution for Retail Kiosks". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  17. ↑ "The Pippin At Work in Redwall Retail Stores". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  18. 1 2 "Five Star Web Access Seamless Internet arrives for Hotel bedrooms". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  19. ↑ "Katz Media Partners to Deliver Pippin KMP 2000 to the Medical Industry and Cable Network". Archived from the original on 1997-07-13. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  20. 1 2 "European Two-way Cable Network Uses Katz Media/Pippin STB For Shopping & TV Internet Access". Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Video Game Bible 1985–2002. Trafford Publishing. 2002. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  22. 1 2 Katz Media Continues with Pippin
  23. ↑ Apple History Timeline
  24. ↑ Bandai Takes Responsibility for Pippin Developer Support in the United States
  25. ↑ "Oracle, Partners Unveil Network Computer Platform". Oracle Corporation. 1996-05-21. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  26. ↑ The Harvard Conference on The Internet and Society. O'Reilly & Associates. March 1997. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  27. ↑ "The iMac and the Floppy Disk Drive: A Conspiracy Theory". OS News. 1998-08-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  28. ↑ "Apple and Bandai to Put Full Court Press on Gaming World with Pippin". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Ziff Davis (68): 56. March 1995.
  29. 1 2 16MB RAM Module Archived June 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ Pippin Questions & Answers
  31. ↑ Memory Module Take-Apart Archived June 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ X-PCI to PCI pin-out diagram
  33. 1 2 "Pippin: The Apple of Bandai's Eye". GamePro. IDG (70): 16. May 1995.
  34. ↑ Hacking the Pippin
  35. ↑ Official Apple document: "Startup Process"
  36. ↑ Official Apple document: "Pippin Standard File"
  37. ↑ Official Apple document: "Creating Pippin CD-ROMs"
  38. ↑ Demystifying the Bandai Pippin Developer Dongle
  39. ↑ Official Apple document: Pippin Authentication
  40. ↑ Ramshaw, Mark James (March 1995). "Generator". Next Generation. Imagine Media (3): 32. At the moment, the only official developers are small software houses with previous Mac market experience. The game giants are conspicuous by their absence.
  41. ↑ Snow, Blake (2007-05-04). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 "E3 and Other Adventures in Electronic Entertainment". PC Graphics Report. 1996-04-21. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
  43. ↑ "Internet Access, Network Games Hit Saturn - For Less than $400". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Ziff Davis (84): 18. July 1996.
  44. ↑ Apple Directions, July 1996, ppg 15
  45. ↑ Pippin @World gets Ethernet
  46. ↑ ATMARK-PD
  47. ↑ ATMARK-EX
  48. ↑ Pippin: Technical Specifications
  49. 1 2 "Pippin Japanese Launch Planned". Next Generation. No. 14. Imagine Media. February 1996. p. 18.

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