Arabic chat alphabet
The Arabic chat alphabet, also known as Arabish, Moaarab (معرب), Arabizi (عربيزي),[1] Araby (عربي),[2] Franco-Arabic,[3] is an alphabet used to communicate in Arabic over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones. It is a character encoding of Arabic to the Latin script and the Arabic numerals.
It differs from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, as it avoids diacritics by freely using digits and multigraphs for letters that do not exist in the basic Latin script (ASCII).[4]
History
During the last decades of the 20th century and especially since the 1990s, Western text communication technologies became increasingly prevalent in the Arab world, such as personal computers, the World Wide Web, email, bulletin board systems, IRC, instant messaging and mobile phone text messaging. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic alphabet as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text into Latin script. To handle those Arabic letters that do not have an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" is used to represent the Arabic letter ⟨ع⟩ (ʿayn), note the usage of the mirroring technique to create a visual similarity between the Arabic letter and its numeral substitution. Many users of mobile phones and computers use Arabish even when their system supports the Arabic script because they do not always have Arabic keyboards, or because they are more familiar with the QWERTY keyboard layout for typing.
Usage
Online communications, such as IRC, bulletin board systems, and blogs, are often run on systems or over protocols which don't support codepages or alternate character sets. This system has gained common use and can be seen even in domain names such as Qal3ah.
It is most commonly used by youth in the Arab world in very informal settings, for example communicating with friends or other youths.[4] The Arabic chat alphabet is never used in formal settings and is rarely, if ever, used for long communications. A single communication in ACA rarely exceeds more than a few sentences.
Even though the Arabic language is well integrated with Windows XP and Mac OS X, people still use it in Arabic forums and instant Messaging programs such as Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger because they don't always have Arabic keyboards.
Arabish is used on many public advertisements by large multinationals. Because of its widespread use, large players in the online industry like Google and Microsoft have introduced tools that convert text written in Arabish to Arabic. Add-ons for Mozilla Firefox and Chrome also exist.
Arabic chat alphabet[2] is used to communicate in the Arabic language over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones when the Arabic alphabet is unavailable or difficult to use for technical reasons. It is a character encoding of Arabic letters to the English alphabet and Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Comparison table
Because of the informal nature of this system, there is no single "correct" way, so some character usage overlaps.
Most of the characters in the system make use of the roman character (as used in English and French) that best approximates phonetically the Arabic letter that one wants to express (for example, ب corresponds to b). This may sometimes vary due to regional variations in the pronunciation of the Arabic letter (e.g. ﺝ might be transliterated as j in the Levantine dialect, or as g in the Egyptian dialect).
Those letters that do not have a close phonetic approximate in the Latin script are often expressed using numerals or other characters, so that the numeral graphically approximate the Arabic letter that one wants to express (e.g. ع is represented using the numeral 3 because the latter looks like a horizontal reflection of the former).
Since many letters are distinguished from others solely by a dot above or below the main character, the conversions frequently used the same letter or number with an apostrophe added before or after (e.g. '3 is used to represent غ).
| Letters | Arabic chat alphabet | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ء أ ؤ إ ئ آ | 2 | ʔ |
| ا | a e è [1] | æ(ː) a(ː) ɑ(ː) ɛ(ː) ɐ |
| ب | b p | b p |
| ت | t | t t̪ t͡s |
| ث | s th | s θ |
| ج | j dj g | ʒ d͡ʒ ɟ ɟ͡ʝ ɡ |
| ح | 7 | ħ ʜ |
| خ | kh 7' 5 | x χ |
| د | d | d d̪ |
| ذ | z th dh | z ð |
| ر | r | ɾ r rˤ |
| ز | z | z |
| س | s | s |
| ش | sh ch [1] | ʃ |
| ص | s 9 | sˤ sˠ |
| ض | d dh 9' | dˤ d̪ˤ d̪ˠ |
| ط | t 6 | tˤ t̪ˤ t̪ˠ |
| ظ | z th dh 6' | zˤ ðˤ ðˠ |
| ع | 3 | ʕ ʢ |
| غ | gh 3' | ɣ ʁ |
| ف | f v | f v |
| ق | 2 g 8 9 q | ʔ ɡ b q |
| ك | k g | k ɡ |
| ل | l | l k |
| م | m | m |
| ن | n | n |
| ه | h a e ah eh é [1] | h, /a e/ |
| ة | a e eh at et é [1] | /a e at et/ |
| و | w o ou oo u | w o(ː) u(ː) |
| ي ى [2] | y i ee ei ai a é [1] | j i(ː) e(ː), /a/ |
| Additional letters | Arabic chat alphabet | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| پ | p | p |
| چ [3] | j tsh ch tch | ʒ t͡ʃ |
| ڜ [4] | ch tch | t͡ʃ |
| ڤ ڥ [5] | v | v |
| ڨ گ ݣ [5] | g | ɡ |
- ^1 é, è, ch, dj are likely to be used at regions where French language is the primary foreign language used. dj is especially used in Algerian Arabic.
- ^2 Mainly in the Nile Valley, the final form is always ى (without dots), representing both final /i/ and /a/. It is the more traditional way of spelling the letter for both cases.
- ^3 In Iraq and sometimes Persian Gulf, it may be used to transcribe /t͡ʃ/, but most often transcribed as تش, while in Egypt it is used for transcribing /ʒ/ (which can be a reduction of /d͡ʒ/).
- ^4 Only used in Morocco to transliterate Spanish /t͡ʃ/.
- ^5 Depending on the region, different letters may be used for the same phoneme.
Examples
Egyptian Arabic
| Egyptian Arabic | انا رايح الجامعه الساعه 3 العصر | الجو عامل ايه النهارده فى إسكندرية؟ |
|---|---|---|
| Araby transcription | ana raye7 el gam3a el sa3a 3 el 3asr. | el gaw 3amel eh elnaharda f eskendereya? |
| IPA | [ʔænæˈrɑˑjeħ elˈɡæmʕæ (ʔe)sˈsæˑʕæ tæˈlæˑtæ lˈʕɑsˤɾ] | [elˈɡæwwe ˈʕæˑmel ˈe(ˑhe)nnɑˈhɑɾdɑ feskendeˈɾejjæ] |
| English | I'm going to college at 3pm. | How is the weather today in Alexandria? |
North Levantine Arabic
- Lebanese, Syrian, Jordanian and Palestinian
| North Levantine Arabic | كيف صحتك، شو عمتعمل؟ |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | kif/keef sa7tak, chou/shu 3am ta3mil? |
| ALA-LC | kīf ṣaḥtak, shū ʻam taʻmil? |
| IPA | [kiːf ˈsˤɑħtak ʃuː ʕam ˈtaʕmɪl] |
| English | How is your health, what are you doing? |
Saudi Arabic
- This includes Hejazi Arabic and Najdi Arabic.
| Saudi Arabic | كيف الحال؟ وش بتسوون اليوم؟ |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | kaif al7al? wsh Btsawoon el youm? |
| English | How are you doing? What are you doing today? |
Maghrebian Arabic
- Often used in Moroccan Arabic, Algerian Arabic and Tunisian Arabic
| Moroccan Arabic | كيف داير في القراية؟ |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | kif dayer fi l9raya? |
| English | How are you doing with your studies? |
Gulf Arabic
- This includes the Gulf Arabic dialect spoken along the Persian Gulf coasts of Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE and Saudi Arabia.
| Gulf Arabic | شلونك؟ شنو بتسوون اليوم؟ |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | shlonak? shino bitsawwoon el youm? |
| English | How are you? What are you going to do today? |
Iraqi Arabic
- As with all Arabic dialects, every geographical area has a slightly different dialect.
| Iraqi Arabic | يابه شلونك؟ شدتسوي مادتسوي اليوم؟ |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | yaba shlonak? shdassowee ma dassowee ilyom? |
| English | How are you, man? What are you up to today? |
Sudanese Arabic
- This is the form of Colloquial Arabic spoken in Sudan.
| Sudanese Arabic | ولاي مشتاق ليك شديد يا زول كيفك إنتا؟ الحمدالله فَ انا داير امشي لمكان داك فوق النيل، المكان قريب بيتك ذاته. هاستناك انا في الكبري. |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | wallay moshtag lek shadid ya zol kefak inta? al hamdolillah fa ana dayir amshi le al makan dak fog al nil, al makan garib betak zatta. hastanak ana fi al kubri. |
| English | Oh God I missed you a lot man, how are you? Thank god, so I want to go to that one place over the Nile, the place near your very house! I'll wait for you at the bridge. |
Chadian Arabic
- This is the form of Colloquial Arabic spoken in N'Djamena, Chad.It is also sometimes called Shuwa Arabic.
| Chadian Arabic | بوه ياخي، إتَ عفة؟ ولله سمح انا ماشي للسوبرمارشة ديك بي وسط نجامينا لو تدور تمشي يعني، تعال معاي يلا ياخي |
|---|---|
| Araby transcription | boh yakhi, inta afé? . wallah semeh, ana maché lê supermarché dik bi ousut n'djamena lô tidoura tamshi yani, ta'al maa'ai yalla yakhi |
| English | Oh, hey my brother. How are you? Good, I am going to that supermarket so if you want to come hurry and come with me my brother! |
Criticism
Conservative Muslims, as well as Pan-Arabists and some Arab-nationalists, view Arabish as a detrimental form of Westernization. Arabish emerged amid a growing trend among Arab youth, especially in Lebanon and Jordan, to incorporate English into Arabic as a form of slang. Arabish is used to replace Arabic script, and this raises concerns regarding the preservation of the quality of the language.[3]
See also
References
- ↑ Ghanem, Renad (20 April 2011). "'Arabizi is destroying the Arabic language'". Arab News.
- 1 2 Yaghan, M. (2008). "Araby: A Contemporary Style of Arabic Slang". Design Issues 24(2): 39-52.
- 1 2 Al-Fawaz, Nadia (26 December 2014). "Purists alarmed at increasing popularity of Franco-Arabic". Arab News.
- 1 2 Palfreyman, David; Muhamed, Al Khalil (2007). ""A Funky Language for Teenz to Use": Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant Messaging". In Danet, Brenda; Herring, Susan C. The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture, and Communication Online. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–64.
External links
- clavier arabe:allowing you to type Arabic in Roman characters and have it converted on the fly to Arabic script
- Google Transliteration IME