Bolivian constitutional referendum, 2009

Bolivia
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Bolivia
Constitution History Human rights
Presidency President Evo Morales Vice President Álvaro García Linera
Legislative Plurinational Legislative Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies
Judiciary Supreme Tribunal of Justice Constitutional Tribunal Supreme Court (1825–2012)
Elections Plurinational Electoral Organ Political parties Recent elections 2015 (regional) 2014 (general) 2011 (judicial) 2010 (regional) Recent referendums 2016 (constitution) 2009 (constitution) 2008 (autonomy) 2008 (confidence vote)
Administrative divisions Departments Provinces Municipalities Cantons
Foreign relations Morales's foreign policy
Other countries Atlas

A constitutional referendum was held in Bolivia on 25 January 2009, postponed from the initially planned dates of 4 May 2008 and then 7 December 2008.^[1][2][3][4] Drafted by the Constituent Assembly in 2007, the new constitution was approved in the referendum according to an exit poll by Ipsos Apoyo for La Razón and ATB, a Bolivian television network.^[5] Furthermore, it required early elections to be held on 6 December 2009.^[6]

History

Under President Evo Morales, the Constituent Assembly was elected on 2 July 2006.^[7] The referendum should originally have taken place on 6 August 2007,^[8] but the Assembly's validity was extended until 14 December 2007.^[9] On 9 December 2007, the Assembly approved the draft^[10] and on 14 December, the Assembly officially handed the constitution draft over to the National Congress.^[11]

The National Congress adopted the law on 28 February 2008 calling for the referendum on 4 May 2008 even though many opposition members chose to stay away during the vote.^[12] A law was also approved and signed by Morales that permitted only Congress to call departmental referendums, thereby barring the departmental referendums on autonomy that had also been called for 4 May.^[13]

On 7 March 2008, the National Electoral Court suspended the referendum, along with the opposition's regional referendums, saying that there was not enough time for adequate electoral preparations.^[4] Nonetheless, the government of Santa Cruz Department went ahead and held its autonomy referendum as planned, ignoring the Court's interdiction on all referendums. Beni Department and Pando Department held their referendums on 1 June 2008.^[14][15]

In a decree on 28 August 2008, Morales declared that the referendum would be held on 7 December 2008.^[2]

• It acknowledges Bolivia as a unitary plurinational state.
• It acknowledges Bolivia as a secular state (rather than a Catholic state, as in the previous constitution).
• Natural resources are the exclusive dominion of the Bolivian people, administered by the state.
• The number of members of the Chamber of Deputies is reduced, while the number of senators is increased; the members of the National Congress will be elected by first past the post voting in the future, in a change from the previous mixed member proportional system.
• A mixed economy will be established; in a separate question within the referendum, voters decided to allow private land possession up to 5,000 hectares (12,400 acres).
• Local autonomies and decentralisation will be reformed.
• The President will be allowed to be reelected once.^[16] Furthermore, if no candidate gains more than 50% of the vote in the presidential election, there will be a second round; up to now, the National Congress decided who would become President in such a case.

In April 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that the first term of President Evo Morales did not count towards constitutional term limits as the constitution of Bolivia had since been amended, thus allowing Evo Morales a third term.

• It introduces the possibility of recall elections for all elected officials.
• The judiciary is reformed, and judges will be elected in the future and no longer appointed by the National Congress.
• Sucre will be acknowledged as Bolivia's capital, but the institutions will remain where they are (executive and legislative in La Paz, judiciary in Sucre). The electoral authorities, which will become a fourth constitutional power, will be situated in Sucre.

Unrest and agreement

Following unrest in Pando, the government and the opposition held talks which resulted in a compromise reached on 20 October 2008. They agreed to hold the referendum on 25 January 2009 and early elections on 6 December 2009; Morales in turn promised he would not run again in 2014 after his likely reelection in 2009, despite the fact that he would be allowed to do so under the new constitution.^[17]

Results

President Evo Morales enacted the new constitution on 7 February 2009, saying that he had accomplished his mission to "re-found" Bolivia.^[18] He spoke in front of thousands of his supporters in the town of El Alto, located near La Paz, claiming that his opponents had "tried ceaselessly" to have him killed.^[18] He also said: "Now I want to tell you that they can drag me from the palace. They can kill me. Mission accomplished for the re-founding of the new united Bolivia".^[18] One key reform allows Morales to stand for re-election in December 2009.^[18]

Bolivian constitutional referendum, 2009[19][20]
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	2,064,360	61.43%
No	1,296,097	38.57%
Valid votes	3,360,457	95.70%
Invalid or blank votes	151,100	4.30%
Total	3,511,557	100.00%
Voter turnout	90.26%
Cap on maximum landholdings	Votes	Percentage
5,000 hectares	1,956,567	80.65%
10,000 hectares	469,361	19.35%
Valid votes	2,425,928	69.16%
Invalid or blank votes	1,081,678	30.84%
Total	3,507,606	100.00%
Voter turnout	90.16%

See also

• Constitution of Bolivia

References

Wikinews has related news: Bolivia's Evo Morales wins referendum on a new leftist constitution

External links

• Text of the constitution approved by the Constituent Assembly in December 2007 (Spanish)

Elections and referendums in Bolivia
Presidential elections	1855 1862 1873 1884 1888 1892 1904 1908 1909 1913 1917 1925 (May) 1925 (Dec) 1931 1934 1940 1947 1951 1956 1960 1964 1966 1978 1979 1980 1985 1989 1993 1997 2002 2005 2009 2014
Parliamentary elections	1855 1862 1873 1884 1888 1892 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1921 1923 1925 1927 1928 1931 1933 1934 1938 1940 1942 1944 1947 1949 1951 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1978 1979 1980 1985 1989 1993 1997 2002 2005 2006 2009 2014
Judicial elections	2011
Local elections	1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2004 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015
Referendums	1931 1986 2004 2006 2008 2009 2016

Evo Morales
Elections	1997 legislative election 2002 presidential election 2005 presidential election 2008 vote of confidence referendum 2009 constitutional referendum 2009 presidential election 2014 presidential election 2016 constitutional referendum
Politics	Presidency of Evo Morales Domestic policy Foreign policy grounding incident Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006-2007 Movement for Socialism Law of the Rights of Mother Earth
Activism and controversies	2000 Cochabamba protests Cocalero Relationship with the Roman Catholic Church Bolivian gas conflict Cochabamba social unrest of 2007 Bolivian miners' protest of 2007 2008 unrest Media luna
Personal life	Sport Boys Warnes (sports team)