Chloramine-T

Chloramine-T
Ball-and-stick model of the component ions of chloramine-T
Names
IUPAC name
N-chloro 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, sodium salt
Other names
N-chloro para-toluenesulfonylamide,
sodium chloro[(4-methyl phenyl)sulfonyl]azanide, chloramine-T, sodium N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulphonomite
Identifiers
127-65-1 YesY
7080-50-4 (trihydrate) YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:53782 N
ChEMBL ChEMBL1697734 N
ChemSpider 2876055 YesY
29119 (free acid) YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.414
KEGG D02445 YesY
PubChem 10198484
31388 (free acid)
UNII 328AS34YM6 N
4IU6VSV0EI (trihydrate) N
Properties
C7H7ClNO2S·Na (3H2O)
Molar mass 227.64 g/mol in usual tri-hydrated form 282 Daltons.
Appearance white powder
Density 1.4 g/cm3
Melting point releases chlorine at 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
solid melts at 167–169 °C
15% in water (25 °C)
7.5% in rectified spirit (20 °C)
insoluble in benzene and ethers
Pharmacology
D08AX04 (WHO) QP53AB04 (WHO)
Hazards
Main hazards Corrosive
R-phrases R22 R31 R34 R42
S-phrases (S1/2) S7 S22 S26 S36/37/39 S45
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Tosylchloramide or N-chloro tosylamide, sodium salt, sold as chloramine-T, is a N-chlorinated and N-deprotonated sulfonamide used as a biocide and a mild disinfectant. It is a white powder that gives unstable solutions with water. Trade names of chloramine-T products include Chloraseptin, Chlorazol, Clorina, Disifin, Halamid, Hydroclonazone, Trichlorol, Minachlor, and generic Chloramin T or Tosylchloramide Sodium, among others.

Chemistry

As an N-chloro compound, it contains active (electrophilic) chlorine and can be compared to the O-chlorinated sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine-T is slightly basic (pH typically 8.5). In water, it breaks down to the disinfectant hypochlorite. It can be used as a source of electrophilic chlorine in organic synthesis.

The anionic sulfonamide is stabilized by delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair across the SO2 group, facilitating deprotonation of the parent amine by bases such as hydroxide. It is readily biodegradable by use of ultraviolet (UV) light.

Synthesis

Chloramine-T is prepared from p-toluenesulfonamide and sodium hypochlorite, with the latter being produced in situ from sodium hydroxide and chlorine (Cl2).[1]

Uses

Iodination and radioiodination

Hypochlorite released from chloramine-T acts as an effective oxidizing agent for iodide to form iodine monochloride (ICl). ICl rapidly undergoes electrophilic substitution predominantly with activated aromatic rings, such as those of the amino acid tyrosine. Thus, chloramine-T is widely used for the incorporation of iodine to peptides and proteins. Chloramine-T together with iodogen or lactoperoxidase is commonly used for labeling peptides and proteins with radioiodine isotopes (123I, 125I or 131I).[2]

Biocide

Chloramine-T is available in tablet or powder form and has to be dissolved before use. It is sprayed on a surface and allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes before being wiped off or allowed to dry. It used in areas such as hospitals, laboratories, nursing homes, funeral homes, medical, dental and veterinary facilities, where control of pathogens is required, for disinfecting surfaces and soaking medical and dental equipment. The substance is also used for parasite control and for drinking water disinfection.

Chloramine-T is as an algicide, bactericide, virucide, fungicide (including spores), germicide. It is also effective against mycobacteria such as tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza. The molecular structure of toluenesulfonylamide is similar to para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in bacterial metabolism, which is disrupted by this sulfonamide (in the same way as by a sulfa drug). Therefore, chloramine-T is capable of inhibiting with bacterial growth with two mechanisms, with the phenylsulfonamide moiety and the hypochlorite, which destroys the DNA structure via oxidation and thereby prevents microbes from reproducing and reforming.

Protective agent

Chloramine-T reacts readily with mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide; chloramine-T derivatives are being studied as protective agents against poison gas.[3]

Certifications

References

  1. ↑ M. Shetty, T. B. Gowda, A Study of Substituent Effect on the Oxidative Strengths of N-Chloroarenesulphonamides: Kinetics of Oxidation of Leucine and Isoleucine in Aqueous Acid Medium, in: Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 2004, 59, 63–72.
  2. ↑ F.Rösch. Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry in Life Sciences. Volume 4. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  3. ↑ Yasukazu Ura; Gozyo Sakata (2007), "Chloroamines", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 5
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