Conan (2007 video game)

For the 2004 video game developed by Cauldron, see Conan (2004 video game).
Conan
A muscular long-haired man stands in front of a passageway. Naked except for a loincloth, boots, and bracers, he holds a sword in each hand. Behind him are five very scantily-clad women, looking at him. The word "Conan" is emblazoned at the top in capital letters.
Developer(s) Nihilistic Software
Publisher(s) THQ
Director(s) Robert Huebner
Designer(s) Steve Thoms
Artist(s) Yujin Kiem
Composer(s) Mike Reagan
Platform(s) PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Release date(s)

‹See Tfd›

  • EU: September 28, 2007
  • AUS: October 11, 2007

‹See Tfd›

  • NA: October 23, 2007
Genre(s) Action-adventure, hack and slash
Mode(s) Single-player

Conan is a 2007 action-adventure video game that puts players in control of the titular hero, Conan the Barbarian, from Robert E. Howard's fantasy literature. The game was published by THQ for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game consoles. Its developer, Nihilistic Software, was inspired by the God of War and Ninja Gaiden video games to create an experience featuring gore and nudity.

Gameplay

Players control Conan the Barbarian from a third-person perspective while attempting to advance through the series of levels that subdivide the game.

Conan can fight with sword and shield, two-handed weapons, or a weapon in each hand. Starting with several basic attacks, the barbarian gains experience points by killing enemies. By exchanging these points for additional attacks, players improve the hero's fighting abilities. Magic powers complement Conan's arsenal, including the abilities to turn enemies into stone and conjure firestorms. The game also features context-sensitive action sequences in which players press a sequence of buttons displayed on the screen to complete actions such as killing powerful enemies and interacting with the environment.

The gameplay is the same for each level: Conan moves from area to area, fighting groups of enemies until he reaches the end. At the end of certain levels, the barbarian has to fight a more powerful opponent called a boss. Defeating a boss involves a two-stage process: Conan has to inflict heavy damage on the creature and thus trigger an interactive button-pressing sequence that players have to complete to kill the boss. Several cycles of this process are required to defeat most bosses.[1] Besides combat, button-pressing sequences are also used to interact with the environment, such as knocking down obstacles to create passageways, or as parts of platforming sequences in which Conan climbs walls and jumps from ledge to ledge.[2] Players can save their progress by using special stones that are placed throughout the game.

Graphical representations of two men engage in combat. The clash of their swords against each other produces a large spark, and a blue circle, which is marked with a white "X". Another man, armed with a bow, is shown standing in the background. Coloured gauges are at the top left.
A button to initiate a counterattack is shown on pressing the block button at the correct moment.

Conan starts each level with his default one-handed sword, and can pick up shields and other weapons to switch between three styles of attack: fighting with a one-handed weapon, a two-handed weapon, or a weapon in each hand. Each style features several attacks with names like "Cimmerian Charge" and "Black River Rage". The barbarian can change or stop his attacks at any time,[2] creating many options in combat. When Conan lands a sequence of successive hits on his enemies, he activates his Song of Death, which increases the damage of his attacks for a short time. For defense, Conan can roll under enemy attacks or block them. If the player presses the block button just when an enemy is about to hit the barbarian, an image of a controller button appears on the screen. Pressing the button shown will make Conan execute a gory counterattack, which instantly kills the enemy. Other methods to kill enemies include grabbing and throwing them against other objects, such as spikes and other enemies, or over cliffs.[3]

In addition to physical assaults, Conan can use magic powers to damage enemies. Gaining these powers in later stages of the game, the barbarian can turn opponents into stone, call down fire from the heavens, and summon flocks of ravens to do his bidding.[4] These magical attacks can quickly end fights,[1] but their use is limited by the number of magic points Conan has.[4] When an enemy is killed, colored runes—each one conferring its own special advantage—are released and gathered by the barbarian. Red runes act as experience points, which are exchanged for advanced attacks. Green and blue runes restore Conan's health and magic points, respectively. The barbarian can also obtain runes by breaking containers and freeing maidens from captivity.[5]

Plot and setting

In Conan, the hero is on a quest to recover his lost armor and defeat an evil wizard. The game takes place in the world of Hyboria, a creation of Robert E. Howard for his stories about Conan the Barbarian. Conan's developer, Nihilistic Software, chose several Hyborian locations, such as Kush, Stygia, and the Barachan Isles, to establish a link to the literary world.[6] Hyboria was designed to be a fantasy version of Earth around 10,000 BC, and its civilizations were based on those from the Stone to Iron Ages. Nihilistic portrayed the plains of Kush, a fictional Africa, as savannahs with villages of straw huts. Stygia was illustrated as a land filled with structures resembling Egyptian tombs and the Barachan Isles as lushly jungled islands.[7]

Characters

Conan is the protagonist in many of Howard's stories: a franchise has been built around the character, and Frank Frazetta's paintings have further elevated the barbarian's profile in pop culture.[3][8] Howard presented his barbarian hero as a strong, shrewd, barbaric, and ambitious man in a primitive world of magic. His stories are simple and portray Conan overcoming a series of obstacles to defeat the antagonists with his physical prowess.[9] Nihilistic originally intended to stay faithful to the literature,[10] but the writers strayed from the canon by showing the barbarian as willing to use magic. The literary Conan abhors magic, but Nihilistic reasoned that, in order to restore his armor to its original non-magical state, he is willing to use the magic it has been cursed with.[11]

The developers did, however, stay true to the physical depictions of the barbarian. Reflecting how fights are described in the stories, players can kill foes in the goriest manner—dismembering and disemboweling them.[2] Nihilistic wanted to show that the brutal killings are considered natural by Conan and not executed out of a thirst for blood.[6] The inspiration for Conan's moves came from several sources, but mostly from Frazetta's artwork. The animators took several of Conan's poses straight from the paintings and modeled his movements after those of the characters in the feature animation Tarzan and the action films Troy and Ong Bak.[2][12] The names of several fighting techniques such as "Gwahlur's Leap", "Bel's Gambit", and "Camel Punch" were also based on names and events from the Conan stories and films.[2][3] To garner extra publicity, the publisher THQ hired Golden Globe-winning actor Ron Perlman to provide the voice for Conan.[13]

Typical Conan stories by Howard featured leading females who were occasionally damsels in distress. However, they were also strong and fearless women who would rescue the hero at crucial moments.[14] Nihilistic cast the game's leading female character, A'kanna, in this mold;[10] the warrior queen and Conan aid each other in several parts of the game. By contrast, there are topless, chained-up women scattered across the game's levels. However, these are only in the game because of the developer's belief that nudity was integral to a Conan story.[15] Showing their breasts and acting in a burlesque manner,[4] these damsels-in-distress reward players with red runes when rescued.[16][17]

Story

Howard's short story, "Queen of the Black Coast", served as the inspiration for the game's plot.[6] In the short story, Conan has a brief romance with Bêlit, a pirate queen. Near the end of the story a demonic creature kills Bêlit and Conan seeks revenge. The creature, however, is stronger than Conan, overpowers him, and is about to kill him when Bêlit's spirit startles it and inspires Conan to kill the beast. The game's story follows a similar theme with A'kanna in the role of Bêlit. Told as a campfire story, cut scenes—in the form of static artwork or animation rendered by the game engine—open and close each level with narratives from an elderly A'kanna.[4]

The story starts at Parad Isle where Conan is raiding a tomb. Instead of finding treasure, he unknowingly frees Graven, a wizard who had been confined in a magical prison for his transgressions. Showing no gratitude, the wizard curses Conan's armor, scatters it across the world, and teleports the barbarian away. Vowing to retrieve his armor,[4] Conan meets A'kanna while he is fighting through a pirate base. Teaming up with the barbarian to find his armor, the warrior queen hopes to use its magic to end the curse—the Black Death—that is causing her people to kill each other.[18] Their quest leads players through several locations and boss creatures such as dragons, undead elephants, and krakens. Flashbacks are shown when retrieving a piece of armor after killing certain bosses; these back-stories tell of Graven's imprisonment of the gods,[19] his plan to sacrifice his daughter A'kanna,[20] and his creation of the Black Death to transform the world to his liking.[21]

In the last level, Conan has retrieved all of his armor and returns to Parad Isle to rescue A'kanna from her father. After a long boss fight and several button-pressing sequences, Conan slays the wizard at the bottom of the ocean. Graven's defeat frees the gods he had imprisoned, and they bring him back to life for eternal punishment.[19] The story ends with the separation of the barbarian and the warrior queen. Conan goes on to fulfill his destiny to be a king as written in Howard's stories. A'kanna, however, grows old in a village, telling stories to children and never forgetting Conan.[22]

Development

Two versions of a similar scene: a man stands in the middle of a clearing that is lined with grass huts and leafless trees.
The artwork in the game, such as the environment of Kush, was conceived as oil paintings (upper image) and created as digital images (lower image).

In 2005, THQ acquired the rights to produce a series of video games featuring Conan the Barbarian and the world of Hyboria.[23] This news came to the attention of Nihilistic Software who had just completed the action game Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects. The video game developer was looking to develop an action game similar to God of War for its next project and saw the world of Conan as a good setting. The team quickly built a prototype to demonstrate its concept to THQ and received approval for the project.[24] The video game publisher officially announced the game to the industry on February 26, 2007.[25]

Nihilistic decided to use the features of other action games for Conan. While God of War was its inspiration for the camera system, Ninja Gaiden was a great influence on the combat engine. The team wanted to emulate the complexity of Ninja Gaiden's combat system, with many attacking options and an equal emphasis on being alert to the actions of enemies.[10] Nihilistic also wanted the game to appeal to button mashing players as well as those who want to control their character with finesse. In addition, it designed the game to increase the frequency and difficulty of encounters as players advance through the levels.[26]

Conan was developed to be released on the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3. Although the architectures of the two consoles were very different, Nihilistic designed its product to perform equally on both of them, using force feedback and motion sensing to enhance the playing experience.[2] Conan was originally scheduled for an early 2008 release, but was brought forward to the second half of 2007 because of THQ's poor performance in that fiscal year.[27][28] After the game was released in Europe, Nihilistic made demos of the game available for downloading over Xbox Live and PlayStation Network.[29]

Visual style

The appearance of Howard's Conan and Hyboria in the popular imagination owes much to Frazetta's distinctive oil paintings.[3][8] While Nihilistic's writers tried to tell a story in Howard's style, its artists attempted to emulate Frazetta's style on the electronic display screen.[12] Instead of making each computer representation as realistic as possible, they created models based mainly on their perception of each object's intrinsic nature. The artists used video graphics technology such as normal mapping technique to emulate brush strokes on the models' textures. These digital brush strokes were visible on the cliffs in the game.[3][12][16] The character models were outlined with light colors instead of dark ones, creating the subtle blend of object and background found in oil paintings, and fog effects allowed the team to recreate Frazetta's use of shadows in the middle area of the image. To complete the game's appearance, the artists used darker color palettes, motifs, and themes to present a more serious mood, in harmony with the gore and nudity in the game.[12]

Music

Mike Reagan, a music composer noted for his work in video games such as Darkwatch and God of War, was hired by THQ to write the music for Conan. To begin, he wanted to compose simple but powerful melodies, and looked to Basil Poledouris's score for the 1982 film Conan the Barbarian for inspiration. As Reagan played development copies of the game, he was influenced by two other works: Igor Stravinsky's barbaric and sensual ballet music The Rite of Spring,[30][31] and Bernard Hermann's score from the 1958 action film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad. Each week, Nihilistic and Reagan updated each other with copies of their work-in-progress, synchronizing their efforts. Reagan also studied with noted percussion artists Denny Seiwell, Emil Richards, and Michael Duffy to gain further insight on the use of drums to accompany the game's bloody and violent plot. After mastering the soundtrack, he brought the music of Conan to an October 2007 Video Games Live show, performing it live in Los Angeles, United States.[32][33][34]

Reception

Reception
Review scores
PublicationScore
1UP.comC+[35]
Eurogamer7.0 / 10[36]
GameSpot7.5 / 10[4]
GameSpy3.5 / 5[37]
IGN6.7 (UK 7.5) / 10[1]
Xbox World 3607.4 / 10[38]

Conan received fair-to-good ratings from critics. In 2008, review aggregator sites Metacritic and GameRankings selected around 80 reviews and calculated average scores of 69 (out of 100) and 70% for the game, respectively.[39][40] Most critics agreed that the game's best selling point was its variety in combat.[1][37][38][41] They had a lot of fun with its easy-to-learn controls, skill customization,[5] and most of all, the varied brutal depictions of Conan's kills.[4][41][42] TeamXbox said that the combat system "blossoms into a complex string of commands that will reward the user (with gore) for pressing the right buttons at the right time".[43] The pounding, militaristic orchestra tunes accompanying the action further enhanced the critics' experience with the game.[4][42]

God of war clone

Many critics complained that Conan copied many ideas from God of War.[1][37][44] Game Informer referred to this imitation as "[Conan] groveling at Kratos' feet, begging for gameplay wisdom".[42] A few reviewers, however, found this forgivable and stated that the game was made to be fun without any higher ambitions.[41][45] Conan's camera system irritated several critics for failing to provide an adequate view of the situation at certain critical moments.[5][41] Its puzzles were oversimple and lacked clear directions for proceeding to the next step.[1][4][38][41] The artificial intelligence for the adversaries in the game was found to be predictable and flawed by a few critics.[5][35][36] In addition, they found the final encounter with Graven to be overlong and frustrating. Calling the fight "as painful as a trip to the proctologist", IGN and Game Informer judged it to be one of the worst boss fights in video game history.[1][42]

Game features

The critics had mixed opinions about three prominent features of the game: voice acting, artwork, and faithfulness to Howard's writings. Perlman earned acclaim for his vocal performance and gravely voice that matched the game's dialogue,[36][46] but he also received criticism for not sounding like a barbarian.[4] A few applauded Nihilistic for capturing the oil painting feel of Frazetta's art,[36][44] but several others said that the graphics consisted of drab-looking environments that were jagged-edged and pixelated when zoomed in.[4][41][46] Although the animations were rated to be smooth and vivid, the lack of variety among enemy character models was criticized.[36] Several critics also praised Nihilistic for recreating the atmosphere of Howard's stories.[36][38][42] The decision to have Conan use magic was, however, called a "blasphemy" by IGN.[1] G4techTV Canada disagreed and forgave the game on the grounds that it was mostly faithful to the books.[18] Ray Huling of The Escapist said that the game's developers misunderstood Conan's appeal to the masses. In the journalist's opinion, Howard's depiction of Conan's brutal physical nature called attention to the dull nature of their lives and offered them a temporary escape. Furthermore, Huling said that Nihilistic used the characteristics of Conan for superficial purposes, and that, in copying the mechanics of another game without any groundbreaking innovations of its own, Nihilistic missed the essence of Howard's stories and created a shell of what its game could have been.[47]

Despite the generally favorable reviews and success of Howard's franchise,[48][49] Critics enjoyed Conan's combat system and gory kills, but said that the game failed to match the experience offered in God of War. Reactions varied on the game's depiction of the Conan universe; several critics praised the emulation of Frank Frazetta's famous artwork, but others found the game's graphics drab and of low resolution. Regarding the audio, Golden Globe-winning actor Ron Perlman was both praised and criticized for his voice work as Conan. Composer Mike Reagan received acclaim for the game's music and later gave live performances of the game's soundtrack at Video Games Live shows.

Sales

Despite the generally favorable reviews and commercial success of the Conan franchise, Conan sold poorly and failed to recoup THQ's investment. The publisher publicly announced that the game's poor sales contributed to their US$20 million write-off in fiscal year 2008.[50]

Mature content

Although the game's violence was praised by the gaming industry, it was condemned by the National Institute on Media and the Family, which placed Conan on a list of games that parents were urged to avoid buying for their children.[51] Conan's Mature rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board, largely due to its violent content, made the game a target for a law being pushed in California, United States. Proposed in 2005, the law was intended to regulate sales of Mature-rated games. It was blocked by a legal challenge from the gaming industry in 2007, but California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who played Conan in the 1982 film, appealed the judgment, seeking to ensure that Conan and other games with similar levels of violence would be sold only to those above the age of 17.[51] On February 20, 2009, His appeal was rejected by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, who ruled that such a restriction violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[52]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hilary Goldstein (2007-10-23). "Conan Review". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 GameSpot staff (2007-06-29). "Q&A: Conan developer Nihilistic". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Brad Shoemaker (2007-09-07). "Conan—The Barbaric Preview". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ryan Davis (2007-10-24). "Conan Review". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Adam Rosenberg (2007-10-23). "Conan Review". UGO.com. UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  6. 1 2 3 GameSpot staff (2007-02-28). "Conan Q&A: Barbarian Influences". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  7. ↑ Ricardo Torres (2007-03-01). "Conan First Look". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  8. 1 2 Don Herron (August 1984). The Dark Barbarian: The Writings of Robert E. Howard : a Critical Anthology. New England, United States: Greenwood Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-313-23281-4. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  9. ↑ Santiago Fouz-Hernandez; Alfredo Martinez-Exposito (2007-08-21). "Muscular Bodies". Live Flesh: The Male Body in Contemporary Spanish Cinema. London, United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. p. 72. ISBN 1-84511-450-7. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  10. 1 2 3 GameStop staff (2007). "Developer Q&A for GameStop". GameStop. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  11. ↑ IGN PlayStation Team (2007-09-14). "Conan Magic Vignette". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Gerald Villoria (2007-08-28). "The Art of Conan". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  13. ↑ César A. Berardini (2007-09-07). "Top Talent to Contribute to Development of Conan". TeamXbox. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  14. ↑ Richard Mathews (2002-01-02) [1997]. "Darkening Antiquity: Sword and Sorcery". Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination. Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 0-415-93890-2. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  15. ↑ Mike Snider (2007-10-15). "Conan: The (video) games begin". USA Today. Virginia, United States: Craig Moon. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  16. 1 2 Ryan Clements (2007-09-10). "Conan Hands-on". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  17. ↑ Andrew Podolsky (2007-09-10). "Previews: Conan". 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  18. 1 2 John Powell (2007-11-22). "Tech News on G4techTV". G4techTV Canada. G4 Media. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  19. 1 2 Nihilistic Software (2007-09-28). Conan. THQ. Level/area: Dark Prison. A'kanna (elderly): The ancient spirits were angry. But not with the men from the cities. They were angry with Graven. The sorcerer had enslaved them and forced them to serve his black desires. Now they were free. And they would exact their revenge. Forever.
  20. ↑ Nihilistic Software (2007-09-28). Conan. THQ. Level/area: Elephant Graveyard. A'kanna (elderly): He craved immortality... and he would have it, no matter the price. He slaughtered his children, so that he may live. But not all of his children died. One girl escaped... A'kanna.
  21. ↑ Nihilistic Software (2007-09-28). Conan. THQ. Level/area: Dark Prison. Graven: The primal gods are angry, Conan. Angry to see what man has done to their world. Civilization is a sickness. I am freeing Man from his fetters. The Black Death liberates the savage within. Surely you understand this.
  22. ↑ Nihilistic Software (2007-09-28). Conan. THQ. Level/area: Dark Prison. A'kanna (elderly): Conan thought A'Kanna had been lost to the shadow realm that day. But the spirits were merciful. They lifted her to safety. A'kanna lived. But she never saw the Cimmerian again. She thought of him often. She still does.
  23. ↑ Tom Bramwell (2005-11-11). "THQ acquires Conan rights". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  24. ↑ Robert Huebner, Mark Cooke (2007-09-07). Conan Interview 3 (flv). CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  25. ↑ Cam Shea (2007-02-26). "Brutal Hyborian Action Game Confirmed". IGN (Australia). IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  26. ↑ Ellie Gibson (2007-03-15). "Conan". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  27. ↑ Rob Purchese (2007-09-12). "THQ pulls Conan into Sept". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  28. ↑ Emma Boyes (2007-09-12). "Conan Crom-ing September 28 in the UK". GameSpot (United Kingdom). CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  29. ↑ GameSpy staff (2007-10-08). "Conan Demo Released". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  30. ↑ Lawrence S. Cunningham; John J. Reich (2005-06-01) [1982]. "Toward the Modern Era: 1870–1914". Culture And Values. 2 (6 ed.). Connecticut, United States: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 351. ISBN 0-534-58229-X. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  31. ↑ Marianne Williams Tobias (September 2003). "Classical Music Sampler". Classical Music Without Fear. Indiana, United States: Indiana University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-253-21618-4. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  32. ↑ THQ staff (2007-10-01). "Conan Interview with Mike Reagan". THQ. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  33. ↑ IGN staff (2007-11-21). "Conan: The Man Behind the Music". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  34. ↑ "VGL Announces Special Guests in LA!!" (Press release). Mystical Stone Entertainment. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  35. 1 2 Matt Leone (2007-10-23). "Reviews: Conan". 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dan Whitehead (2007-10-02). "Conan". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  37. 1 2 3 Steve Steinberg (2007-11-07). "Conan". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Rob Taylor (October 8, 2007). "Conan". Xbox World 360. London, England: Future Publishing. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  39. ↑ Metacritic states an average of 69 for two separate pages
  40. ↑ GameRankings states an average of 70% for two separate pages
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rob Burman (2007-10-04). "Conan UK Review". IGN (United Kingdom). IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Andrew Reiner; Matt Miller (November 2007). "Conan". Game Informer. United States: GameStop. ISSN 1067-6392. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  43. ↑ Dale Nardozzi (2007-11-08). "Conan Review". TeamXbox. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  44. 1 2 Gerald Villoria (2007-07-16). "Conan". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  45. ↑ Edge staff (December 2007). "Review: Conan". Edge. No. 183. Bath, England: Future Publishing. p. 93. ISSN 1350-1593.
  46. 1 2 John Gaudiosi (2008-01-18). "The Barbarian Is Back, Slashing". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C., United States: Katharine Weymouth. p. 31. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  47. ↑ Ray Huling (2008-02-19). "Conan's B-list Problem—And Ours". The Escapist. Themis Group. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  48. ↑ Dale E. Rippke (2004-10-25). "Afterword by Benjamin Szumskyj". The Hyborian Heresies. Virginia, United States: Wild Cat Books. p. 96. ISBN 1-4116-1608-1. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  49. ↑ Tim DeForest (May 2004). "Weird Tales: Things That Bump into You in the Night". Storytelling in the Pulps, Comics, and Radio: How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America. North Carolina, United States: McFarland & Company. p. 53. ISBN 0-7864-1902-4. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  50. ↑ Brandon Boyer (2008-01-24). "THQ Drops Stuntman, Juiced Franchises, Closes Concrete Studios". Gamasutra. Think Services. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  51. 1 2 Steve Geissinger (2007-12-11). "Video-game Conan too barbaric for governor" (fee required). San Jose Mercury News. California, United States: Jeff Kiel.
  52. ↑ Brittany Blueitt (2009-02-28). Anna Lamut, ed. "Governor Schwarzenegger's Video Game Act Terminated by the Ninth Circuit". Jolt Digest. United States: Harvard Law School. Retrieved 2009-05-20.

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