Drummer (military)

The Spirit of '76 by Archibald Willard, one of many depictions in 19th-century art of drummer boys in heroic or sentimental contexts.

A Drummer was responsible for the drums in the army for use on the battlefield.

Until well into the 19th century, western armies recruited young boys to act as drummers. The drums were an important part of the battlefield communications system, with various drum rolls used to signal different commands from officers to troops.[1] Although there were usually official age limits, these were often ignored; the youngest boys were sometimes treated as mascots by the adult soldiers. The life of a drummer boy appeared rather glamorous and as a result, boys would sometimes run away from home to enlist.[2] Other boys may have been the sons or orphans of soldiers serving in the same unit.[3] The image of a small child in the midst of battle was seen as deeply poignant by 19th-century artists, and idealised boy drummers were frequently depicted in paintings, sculpture and poetry.[4]

Notable drummer boys

Death of Joseph Bara by Charles Moreau-Vauthier.
Battle of Balaclava Drummer Boy, an 1854 painting by English artist Richard Buckner
A statue depicting André Estienne, the "little drummer of Arcole", in his home town of Cadenet.
Drummer boy John Clem during the American Civil War.

Nathan Futrell (1773–1829) was said to have been the youngest drummer boy in the American War of Independence; he joined the North Carolina Continental Militia at the age of 7.[5]

In 1793, Joseph Bara, a 14-year-old French Republican drummer at the time of the War in the Vendée, was killed by royalist counter-revolutionaries, supposedly while he was shouting "Long live the Republic!". His body was interred at the Panthéon along with other national heroes.[6]

André Estienne was a drummer with Napoleon Bonaparte's army at the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole in 1796, where he led his battalion across a river while holding his drum over his head, and on reaching the far bank, beat the "charge". This led to the capture of the bridge and the rout of the Austrian army. Despite being 19 years old, he became famous as Le Petit Tambour d'Arcole (French: The Little Drummer of Arcole), and is depicted in the Panthéon in Paris and on the Arc de Triomphe, also in paintings by Charles Thévenin and Horace Vernet.[7]

At the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon's troops spent much of the day trying to capture the fortified house at Hougomont, which was defended by British Foot Guards. Finally, a detachment of French infantry broke in through the gate, which the Guards were able to close behind them; all the French soldiers were killed except for their drummer boy who was spared.[8]

On 19 April 1855, at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, there was a bayonet attack by the British 77th Regiment of Foot on some rifle pits which the Russians were using to snipe at British positions. Accompanying the attack was an unnamed drummer boy of the 77th, who seeing a Russian boy trumpeter trying to escape, caught hold of him and beat him with his fists "in truly British fashion" until he surrendered. The boy presented the Russian trumpet to Sir George Brown and he was later rewarded by General Lord Raglan, the British commander.[9]

At the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 12-year-old Drummer Ross of the 93rd Highlanders signalled the arrival of his regiment to the besieged garrison, by climbing the spire of the Shah Najaf Mosque and playing the regimental march on his bugle, while under heavy fire from the rebel forces.[10]

On 28 November at the Second Battle of Cawnpore, 15-year-old Thomas Flynn, a drummer with the 64th Regiment of Foot, was awarded the Victoria Cross. "During a charge on the enemy's guns, Drummer Flynn, although wounded himself, engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter with two of the rebel artillerymen". He remains the youngest recipient of the medal.[11]

Thirteen-year-old Charles King was the youngest soldier killed in the entire American Civil War (1861–1865). Charles enlisted in the 49th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry with the reluctant permission of his father at the age of 12 years, 5 months and 9 days. On September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam he was mortally wounded near or in the area of the East Woods, carried from the field and died three days later. Twelve-year-old drummer boy William Black was the youngest recorded person wounded in battle during the American Civil War. John Clem, who had unofficially joined a Union Army regiment at the age of 9 as a drummer and mascot, became famous as the ""The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga" where he played a "long roll" and shot a Confederate officer who had demanded his surrender. An 11-year-old drummer in the Confederate Orphan Brigade, known only as "Little Oirish", was credited with rallying troops at the Battle of Shiloh by taking up the regimental colors at a critical moment.[12] Another noted drummer boy was Louis Edward Rafield of the 21st Alabama Infantry, Co. K, known as the "Mobile Cadets". He had enlisted at age 11 and while 12 at the Battle of Shiloh he somehow lost his drum; he then obtained an enemy drum and kept on going, thus earning the title of "The Drummer Boy of Shiloh".[13] In Costa Rica, the Drummer boy Juan Santamaría died in an act of self-sacrifice in the war against the US Filibuster William Walker and is commemorated as his country's National Hero.

Decline

The Last Stand at Isandlwana by C E Fripp shows a small drummer boy in the ranks, despite the youngest soldier present being over 16 years old

The use of drums beyond the parade ground declined rapidly as the 19th century progressed, being replaced by the bugle in the signalling role, although it was often the drummers who were required to play them. A widely reported incident at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, spelled the end of boys being sent on active service by the British Army. Part of the British force returned to their camp at night to find that it had been overrun by the Zulu army a few hours previously. An eyewitness reported that "Even the little drummer boys that we had in the band, they were hung up on hooks, and opened like sheep. It was a pitiful sight". Doubt has since been cast on this account, since the youngest drummer to be killed was 18, and the youngest boy present was 16.[14] Despite this, Charles Edwin Fripp's famous painting, The Last Stand at Isandlwana, shows a small blond-haired boy amongst the adult soldiers.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Civil War History & Genealogy – The Drummer Boys, genealogyforum.com
  2. ↑ Albert A. Nofi, A Civil War Treasury: Being a Miscellany of Arms and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore Da Capo Press 1992 (p.107)
  3. ↑ Richard Holmes, Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors, Harper Press 2011 (p.275)
  4. ↑ J. W. M. Hichberger, Images of the Army: The Military in British Art, 1815–1914, Manchester University Press 1988, ISBN 0-7190-2575-3 (p.101)
  5. ↑ Find a Grave – Nathan Futrell
  6. ↑ Dupuy, Pascal, La Mort de Bara http://www.histoire-image.org L’Histoire par l’image (in French). Retrieved: 19 January 2015
  7. ↑ Fondation Napoléon – Honorary drumsticks presented to the drummer of Arcole
  8. ↑ Ian Fletcher, Wellington's Foot Guards, Osprey Publishing Ltd 1994 (p.62)
  9. ↑ Thomas Carter, Medals of the British Army: and How They Were Won: Volume 1, Groombridge and Son, London 1861 (p.77)
  10. ↑ Holmes, (p.275)
  11. ↑ Athlone Heritage – Drummer Thomas Flynn VC
  12. ↑ Nofi, (p.108)
  13. ↑ "Louis Edward Rafield (1849 - 1921) - Find A Grave Memorial". findagrave.com. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
  14. ↑ Ian Knight, Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of iSandlwana and Rorke's Drift, Pan Books 2011 ISBN 978-0330445931
  15. ↑ Ian Knight, Isandlwana 1879: The Great Zulu Victory, Osprey Publishing Limited 2002, ISBN 1-84176-511-2 (p.64)
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