List of heads of state of Afghanistan

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The following is a list of heads of state of Afghanistan since the establishment of the first Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709.

The Hotak Empire was formed after a successful uprising led by Mirwais Hotak and other Afghan tribal chiefs from Kandahar against Mughal and Persian rule.^[1]^[2]^[3]

After a long series of wars, the Hotak Empire was eventually replaced by the Durrani Afghan Empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747.^[4]^[5]

After the collapse of the Durrani Empire in 1823, the Barakzai dynasty founded the Emirate of Afghanistan (transformed into the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926) and ruled Afghanistan until 1973, when the last King Mohammed Zahir Shah was deposed in a coup d'état, led by his first cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan. Daoud then established the Republic of Afghanistan, which lasted until the Saur Revolution in 1978.

Since 1978, Afghanistan has been in a state of continuous internal warfare and foreign interventions.

The former president Hamid Karzai became the first ever democratically elected head of state of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004. The current president is Ashraf Ghani, since 29 September 2014.

List of heads of state

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Royal heads of state

Name	Birth–Death	Reign start	Reign end	Dynasty
Hotak Empire (1709–1738)
Mirwais Hotak	1673–1715	1709	1715	Hotak
Mirwais Hotak	1673–1715	Emir
Abdul Aziz Hotak	Died 1717	1715	1717	Hotak
Abdul Aziz Hotak	Died 1717	Emir; Brother of Mirwais Hotak
Mahmud Hotak	1697–1725	1717	22 April 1725	Hotak
Mahmud Hotak	1697–1725	Emir; Son of Mirwais Hotak
Ashraf Hotak	Died 1730	22 April 1725	1730	Hotak
Ashraf Hotak	Died 1730	Emir; Nephew of Mirwais Hotak
Hussain Hotak	Died 1738	22 April 1725	24 March 1738	Hotak
Hussain Hotak	Died 1738	Emir; Nephew of Mirwais Hotak
Durrani Empire (1747–1823)
Ahmad Shah Durrani	1722–1772	October 1747	16 October 1772	Durrani
Ahmad Shah Durrani	1722–1772	Emir
Timur Shah Durrani	1748–1793	16 October 1772	18 May 1793	Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani	1748–1793	Emir; Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Zaman Shah Durrani	1770–1844	18 May 1793	25 July 1801	Durrani
Zaman Shah Durrani	1770–1844	Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Deposed
Mahmud Shah Durrani	1769–1829	25 July 1801	13 July 1803	Durrani
Mahmud Shah Durrani	1769–1829	Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Deposed
Shuja Shah Durrani	1785–1842	13 July 1803	3 May 1809	Durrani
Shuja Shah Durrani	1785–1842	Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; First Reign; Deposed
Mahmud Shah Durrani (1769–1829)		3 May 1809	1818	Durrani
Mahmud Shah Durrani (1769–1829)		Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Deposed
Ali Shah Durrani		1818	1819	Durrani
Ali Shah Durrani		Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Deposed
Ayub Shah Durrani	Died 1837	1819	1823	Durrani
Ayub Shah Durrani	Died 1837	Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Deposed
Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)
Dost Mohammad Khan	1793–1863	1823	2 August 1839	Barakzai
Dost Mohammad Khan	1793–1863	Emir; Son of Sardar Payendah Khan; First Reign; Exiled
Shuja Shah Durrani	1785–1842	7 August 1839	5 April 1842	Durrani
Shuja Shah Durrani	1785–1842	Emir; Son of Timur Shah Durrani; Second Reign; Assassinated
Wazir Akbar Khan	1816–1845	5 April 1842	1845	Barakzai
Wazir Akbar Khan	1816–1845	Emir; Son of Dost Mohammad Khan
Dost Mohammad Khan	1793–1863	1845	9 June 1863	Barakzai
Dost Mohammad Khan	1793–1863	Emir; Son of Sardar Payendah Khan; Second Reign
Sher Ali Khan	1825–1879	9 June 1863	1865	Barakzai
Sher Ali Khan	1825–1879	Emir; Son of Dost Mohammad Khan; First Reign; Deposed
Mohammad Afzal Khan	1811–1867	1865	7 October 1867	Barakzai
Mohammad Afzal Khan	1811–1867	Emir; Son of Dost Mohammad Khan
Mohammad Azam Khan	Died 1868	7 October 1867	21 February 1868	Barakzai
Mohammad Azam Khan	Died 1868	Emir; Son of Dost Mohammad Khan
Sher Ali Khan	1825–1879	7 October 1868	21 February 1879	Barakzai
Sher Ali Khan	1825–1879	Emir; Son of Dost Mohammad Khan; Second Reign
Ayub Khan	1857–1914	12 October 1879	31 May 1880	Barakzai
Ayub Khan	1857–1914	Emir; Son of Sher Ali Khan; Deposed
Abdur Rahman Khan	1840/1844–1901	31 May 1880	1 October 1901	Barakzai
Abdur Rahman Khan	1840/1844–1901	Emir; Son of Mohammad Afzal Khan
Habibullah Khan	1872–1919	1 October 1901	20 February 1919	Barakzai
Habibullah Khan	1872–1919	Emir; Son of Abdur Rahman Khan; Assassinated
Nasrullah Khan	1874–1920	20 February 1919	28 February 1919	Barakzai
Nasrullah Khan	1874–1920	Emir; Son of Abdur Rahman Khan; Deposed
Amanullah Khan	1892–1960	28 February 1919	9 June 1926	Barakzai
Amanullah Khan	1892–1960	Emir; Son of Habibullah Khan
Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)
Amanullah Khan	1892–1960	9 June 1926	14 January 1929	Barakzai
Amanullah Khan	1892–1960	King; Son of Habibullah Khan; Deposed
Inayatullah Khan	1888–1946	14 January 1929	17 January 1929	Barakzai
Inayatullah Khan	1888–1946	King; Son of Habibullah Khan; Deposed
Habibullāh Kalakāni	1891–1929	17 January 1929	16 October 1929	Non-Dynastic
Habibullāh Kalakāni	1891–1929	King; Deposed
Mohammed Nadir Shah	1883–1933	16 October 1929	8 November 1933	Barakzai
Mohammed Nadir Shah	1883–1933	King; Grandnephew of Dost Mohammed Khan; Assassinated
Mohammed Zahir Shah	1914–2007	8 November 1933	17 July 1973	Barakzai
Mohammed Zahir Shah	1914–2007	King; Son of Mohammed Nadir Shah; Deposed

Non-Royal heads of state

Name		Birth–Death	Took office	Left office	Political Affiliation
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
	Mohammed Daoud Khan	1909–1978	17 July 1973	28 April 1978	Independent (until 1976)
			17 July 1973	28 April 1978	National Revolutionary Party
			President; Member of the Barakzai dynasty (first cousin of Mohammed Zahir Shah); Assassinated
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
	Abdul Qadir	1944–2014	28 April 1978	30 April 1978	People's Democratic Party (Khalq faction)
	Abdul Qadir	1944–2014	Chairman of the Presidium of the Military Revolutionary Council
	Nur Muhammad Taraki	1917–1979	30 April 1978	14 September 1979	People's Democratic Party (Khalq faction)
	Nur Muhammad Taraki	1917–1979	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Assassinated
	Hafizullah Amin	1929–1979	14 September 1979	27 December 1979	People's Democratic Party (Khalq faction)
	Hafizullah Amin	1929–1979	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Assassinated
	Babrak Karmal	1929–1996	27 December 1979	24 November 1986	People's Democratic Party (Parcham faction)
	Babrak Karmal	1929–1996	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council; Dismissed
	Haji Mohammad Chamkani	1947–2012	24 November 1986	30 September 1987	Independent
	Haji Mohammad Chamkani	1947–2012	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council
	Mohammad Najibullah	1947–1996	30 September 1987	30 November 1987	People's Democratic Party (Parcham faction)
	Mohammad Najibullah	1947–1996	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council
Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
	Mohammad Najibullah	1947–1996	30 November 1987	16 April 1992	People's Democratic Party (Parcham faction) (until 1990)
			30 November 1987	16 April 1992	Homeland Party
			President; Resigned
	Abdul Rahim Hatif	1926–2013	16 April 1992	28 April 1992	Homeland Party
	Abdul Rahim Hatif	1926–2013	Acting President; Deposed
Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–1996)
	Sibghatullah Mojaddedi	1926–	28 April 1992	28 June 1992	National Liberation Front
	Sibghatullah Mojaddedi	1926–	President; Resigned
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	28 June 1992	27 September 1996	Jamiat-e Islami
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	President; Deposed
Northern Alliance of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	27 September 1996	13 November 2001	Jamiat-e Islami
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	President; The Northern Alliance remained the internationally recognized government, despite only controlling about 10% of Afghan territory
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
	Mohammed Omar	1950/1962–2013	27 September 1996	13 November 2001	Taliban
	Mohammed Omar	1950/1962–2013	Emir, Head of the Supreme Council and Commander of the Faithful; The Islamic Emirate never attained widespread international recognition, despite controlling about 90% of Afghan territory; Deposed
Interim/Transitional Administration (2001–2004)
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	13 November 2001	22 December 2001	Jamiat-e Islami
	Burhanuddin Rabbani	1940–2011	Acting President
	Hamid Karzai	1957–	22 December 2001	7 December 2004	Independent
	Hamid Karzai	1957–	President of the Interim Administration until 29 June 2002; President of the Transitional Administration from 29 June 2002
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–present)
	Hamid Karzai	1957–	7 December 2004	29 September 2014	Independent
	Hamid Karzai	1957–	President; First democratically elected head of state
	Ashraf Ghani	1949–	29 September 2014	Incumbent	Independent
	Ashraf Ghani	1949–	President; First peaceful transfer of power

Standards of heads of state

Standard of the King of Afghanistan, 1931–1973.
Standard of the President of Afghanistan, 2004–present.

References

↑ "An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
↑ Otfinoski, Steven (2004). Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0-8160-5056-2. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
↑ Malleson, George Bruce (1878). History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878. London: Elibron.com. p. 227. ISBN 1-4021-7278-8. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
↑ "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-10-23. Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.
↑ "Last Afghan empire". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version. Retrieved 2010-09-24.

External links

Presidency of Afghanistan

Monarchs of Afghanistan

Hotaki dynasty	Mirwais Hotak Abdul Aziz Hotak Mahmud Hotaki Ashraf Hotaki Hussain Hotaki

Durrani dynasty	Ahmad Shah Durrani Timur Shah Durrani Zaman Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani Shuja Shah Durrani Ali Shah Durrani Ayub Shah Durrani

Emirate (Barakzai dynasty)	Dost Mohammad Khan Akbar Khan Sher Ali Khan Mohammad Afzal Khan Mohammad Azam Khan Mohammad Yaqub Khan Ayub Khan Abdur Rahman Khan Habibullah Khan Nasrullah Khan

Kingdom	Amanullah Khan Inayatullah Khan Habibullah Kalakani Mohammed Nadir Shah Mohammed Zahir Shah

Presidents of Afghanistan

Republic	Mohammed Daoud Khan

Democratic Republic	Nur Muhammad Taraki Hafizullah Amin Babrak Karmal Haji Mohammad Chamkani (acting) Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Rahim Hatif (acting)

Islamic State	Sibghatullah Mojaddedi Burhanuddin Rabbani

Islamic Emirate	Mohammed Omar

Islamic Republic	Hamid Karzai Mohammad Ashraf Ghani

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